289 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
289 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# The Rust Programming Language
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This is the main source code repository for [Rust]. It contains the compiler,
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standard library, and documentation.
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[Rust]: https://www.rust-lang.org
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**Note: this README is for _users_ rather than _contributors_.
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If you wish to _contribute_ to the compiler, you should read the
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[Getting Started][gettingstarted] section of the rustc-dev-guide instead.
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You can ask for help in the [#new members Zulip stream][new-members].**
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[new-members]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/122652-new-members
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## Quick Start
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Read ["Installation"] from [The Book].
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["Installation"]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html
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[The Book]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
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## Installing from Source
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The Rust build system uses a Python script called `x.py` to build the compiler,
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which manages the bootstrapping process. It lives in the root of the project.
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The `x.py` command can be run directly on most systems in the following format:
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```sh
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./x.py <subcommand> [flags]
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```
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This is how the documentation and examples assume you are running `x.py`.
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Systems such as Ubuntu 20.04 LTS do not create the necessary `python` command by default when Python is installed that allows `x.py` to be run directly. In that case you can either create a symlink for `python` (Ubuntu provides the `python-is-python3` package for this), or run `x.py` using Python itself:
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```sh
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# Python 3
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python3 x.py <subcommand> [flags]
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# Python 2.7
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python2.7 x.py <subcommand> [flags]
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```
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More information about `x.py` can be found
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by running it with the `--help` flag or reading the [rustc dev guide][rustcguidebuild].
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[gettingstarted]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/getting-started.html
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[rustcguidebuild]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/building/how-to-build-and-run.html
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### Building on a Unix-like system
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1. Make sure you have installed the dependencies:
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* `g++` 5.1 or later or `clang++` 3.5 or later
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* `python` 3 or 2.7
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* GNU `make` 3.81 or later
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* `cmake` 3.13.4 or later
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* `ninja`
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* `curl`
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* `git`
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* `ssl` which comes in `libssl-dev` or `openssl-devel`
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* `pkg-config` if you are compiling on Linux and targeting Linux
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2. Clone the [source] with `git`:
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```sh
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git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rust.git
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cd rust
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```
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[source]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust
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3. Configure the build settings:
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The Rust build system uses a file named `config.toml` in the root of the
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source tree to determine various configuration settings for the build.
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Copy the default `config.toml.example` to `config.toml` to get started.
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```sh
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cp config.toml.example config.toml
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```
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If you plan to use `x.py install` to create an installation, it is recommended
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that you set the `prefix` value in the `[install]` section to a directory.
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Create an install directory if you are not installing in the default directory.
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4. Build and install:
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```sh
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./x.py build && ./x.py install
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```
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When complete, `./x.py install` will place several programs into
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`$PREFIX/bin`: `rustc`, the Rust compiler, and `rustdoc`, the
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API-documentation tool. This install does not include [Cargo],
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Rust's package manager. To build and install Cargo, you may
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run `./x.py install cargo` or set the `build.extended` key in
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`config.toml` to `true` to build and install all tools.
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[Cargo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo
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### Building on Windows
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There are two prominent ABIs in use on Windows: the native (MSVC) ABI used by
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Visual Studio, and the GNU ABI used by the GCC toolchain. Which version of Rust
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you need depends largely on what C/C++ libraries you want to interoperate with:
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for interop with software produced by Visual Studio use the MSVC build of Rust;
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for interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain use the GNU
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build.
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#### MinGW
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[MSYS2][msys2] can be used to easily build Rust on Windows:
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[msys2]: https://www.msys2.org/
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1. Grab the latest [MSYS2 installer][msys2] and go through the installer.
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2. Run `mingw32_shell.bat` or `mingw64_shell.bat` from wherever you installed
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MSYS2 (i.e. `C:\msys64`), depending on whether you want 32-bit or 64-bit
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Rust. (As of the latest version of MSYS2 you have to run `msys2_shell.cmd
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-mingw32` or `msys2_shell.cmd -mingw64` from the command line instead)
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3. From this terminal, install the required tools:
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```sh
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# Update package mirrors (may be needed if you have a fresh install of MSYS2)
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pacman -Sy pacman-mirrors
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# Install build tools needed for Rust. If you're building a 32-bit compiler,
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# then replace "x86_64" below with "i686". If you've already got git, python,
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# or CMake installed and in PATH you can remove them from this list. Note
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# that it is important that you do **not** use the 'python2', 'cmake' and 'ninja'
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# packages from the 'msys2' subsystem. The build has historically been known
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# to fail with these packages.
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pacman -S git \
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make \
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diffutils \
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tar \
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mingw-w64-x86_64-python \
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mingw-w64-x86_64-cmake \
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mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
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mingw-w64-x86_64-ninja
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```
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4. Navigate to Rust's source code (or clone it), then build it:
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```sh
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./x.py build && ./x.py install
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```
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#### MSVC
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MSVC builds of Rust additionally require an installation of Visual Studio 2017
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(or later) so `rustc` can use its linker. The simplest way is to get
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[Visual Studio], check the “C++ build tools” and “Windows 10 SDK” workload.
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[Visual Studio]: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/
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(If you're installing cmake yourself, be careful that “C++ CMake tools for
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Windows” doesn't get included under “Individual components”.)
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With these dependencies installed, you can build the compiler in a `cmd.exe`
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shell with:
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```sh
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python x.py build
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```
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Currently, building Rust only works with some known versions of Visual Studio. If
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you have a more recent version installed and the build system doesn't understand,
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you may need to force rustbuild to use an older version. This can be done
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by manually calling the appropriate vcvars file before running the bootstrap.
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```batch
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CALL "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
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python x.py build
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```
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#### Specifying an ABI
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Each specific ABI can also be used from either environment (for example, using
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the GNU ABI in PowerShell) by using an explicit build triple. The available
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Windows build triples are:
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- GNU ABI (using GCC)
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- `i686-pc-windows-gnu`
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- `x86_64-pc-windows-gnu`
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- The MSVC ABI
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- `i686-pc-windows-msvc`
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- `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`
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The build triple can be specified by either specifying `--build=<triple>` when
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invoking `x.py` commands, or by copying the `config.toml` file (as described
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in [Installing From Source](#installing-from-source)), and modifying the
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`build` option under the `[build]` section.
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### Configure and Make
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While it's not the recommended build system, this project also provides a
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configure script and makefile (the latter of which just invokes `x.py`).
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```sh
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./configure
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make && sudo make install
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```
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When using the configure script, the generated `config.mk` file may override the
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`config.toml` file. To go back to the `config.toml` file, delete the generated
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`config.mk` file.
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## Building Documentation
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If you’d like to build the documentation, it’s almost the same:
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```sh
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./x.py doc
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```
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The generated documentation will appear under `doc` in the `build` directory for
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the ABI used. I.e., if the ABI was `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`, the directory will be
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`build\x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\doc`.
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## Notes
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Since the Rust compiler is written in Rust, it must be built by a
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precompiled "snapshot" version of itself (made in an earlier stage of
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development). As such, source builds require a connection to the Internet, to
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fetch snapshots, and an OS that can execute the available snapshot binaries.
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Snapshot binaries are currently built and tested on several platforms:
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| Platform / Architecture | x86 | x86_64 |
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|---------------------------------------------|-----|--------|
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| Windows (7, 8, 10, ...) | ✓ | ✓ |
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| Linux (kernel 3.2, glibc 2.17 or later) | ✓ | ✓ |
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| macOS (10.7 Lion or later) | (\*) | ✓ |
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(\*): Apple dropped support for running 32-bit binaries starting from macOS 10.15 and iOS 11.
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Due to this decision from Apple, the targets are no longer useful to our users.
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Please read [our blog post][macx32] for more info.
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[macx32]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2020/01/03/reducing-support-for-32-bit-apple-targets.html
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You may find that other platforms work, but these are our officially
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supported build environments that are most likely to work.
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## Getting Help
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The Rust community congregates in a few places:
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* [Stack Overflow] - Direct questions about using the language.
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* [users.rust-lang.org] - General discussion and broader questions.
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* [/r/rust] - News and general discussion.
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[Stack Overflow]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/rust
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[/r/rust]: https://reddit.com/r/rust
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[users.rust-lang.org]: https://users.rust-lang.org/
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## Contributing
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If you are interested in contributing to the Rust project, please take a look
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at the [Getting Started][gettingstarted] guide in the [rustc-dev-guide].
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[rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org
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## License
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Rust is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license
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and the Apache License (Version 2.0), with portions covered by various
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BSD-like licenses.
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See [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE), [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT), and
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[COPYRIGHT](COPYRIGHT) for details.
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## Trademark
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[The Rust Foundation][rust-foundation] owns and protects the Rust and Cargo
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trademarks and logos (the “Rust Trademarks”).
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If you want to use these names or brands, please read the [media guide][media-guide].
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Third-party logos may be subject to third-party copyrights and trademarks. See
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[Licenses][policies-licenses] for details.
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[rust-foundation]: https://foundation.rust-lang.org/
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[media-guide]: https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/media-guide
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[policies-licenses]: https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses
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