349 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
349 lines
9.7 KiB
Markdown
% Containers and iterators
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# Containers
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The container traits are defined in the `std::container` module.
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## Unique and managed vectors
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Vectors have `O(1)` indexing and removal from the end, along with `O(1)`
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amortized insertion. Vectors are the most common container in Rust, and are
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flexible enough to fit many use cases.
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Vectors can also be sorted and used as efficient lookup tables with the
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`std::vec::bsearch` function, if all the elements are inserted at one time and
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deletions are unnecessary.
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## Maps and sets
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Maps are collections of unique keys with corresponding values, and sets are
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just unique keys without a corresponding value. The `Map` and `Set` traits in
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`std::container` define the basic interface.
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The standard library provides three owned map/set types:
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* `std::hashmap::HashMap` and `std::hashmap::HashSet`, requiring the keys to
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implement `Eq` and `Hash`
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* `std::trie::TrieMap` and `std::trie::TrieSet`, requiring the keys to be `uint`
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* `extra::treemap::TreeMap` and `extra::treemap::TreeSet`, requiring the keys
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to implement `TotalOrd`
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These maps do not use managed pointers so they can be sent between tasks as
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long as the key and value types are sendable. Neither the key or value type has
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to be copyable.
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The `TrieMap` and `TreeMap` maps are ordered, while `HashMap` uses an arbitrary
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order.
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Each `HashMap` instance has a random 128-bit key to use with a keyed hash,
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making the order of a set of keys in a given hash table randomized. Rust
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provides a [SipHash](https://131002.net/siphash/) implementation for any type
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implementing the `IterBytes` trait.
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## Double-ended queues
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The `extra::deque` module implements a double-ended queue with `O(1)` amortized
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inserts and removals from both ends of the container. It also has `O(1)`
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indexing like a vector. The contained elements are not required to be copyable,
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and the queue will be sendable if the contained type is sendable.
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## Priority queues
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The `extra::priority_queue` module implements a queue ordered by a key. The
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contained elements are not required to be copyable, and the queue will be
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sendable if the contained type is sendable.
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Insertions have `O(log n)` time complexity and checking or popping the largest
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element is `O(1)`. Converting a vector to a priority queue can be done
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in-place, and has `O(n)` complexity. A priority queue can also be converted to
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a sorted vector in-place, allowing it to be used for an `O(n log n)` in-place
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heapsort.
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# Iterators
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## Iteration protocol
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The iteration protocol is defined by the `Iterator` trait in the
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`std::iterator` module. The minimal implementation of the trait is a `next`
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method, yielding the next element from an iterator object:
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~~~
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/// An infinite stream of zeroes
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struct ZeroStream;
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impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
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fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
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Some(0)
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}
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}
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~~~~
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Reaching the end of the iterator is signalled by returning `None` instead of
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`Some(item)`:
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~~~
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/// A stream of N zeroes
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struct ZeroStream {
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priv remaining: uint
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}
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impl ZeroStream {
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fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {
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ZeroStream { remaining: n }
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}
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}
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impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
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fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
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if self.remaining == 0 {
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None
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} else {
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self.remaining -= 1;
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Some(0)
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}
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}
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}
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~~~
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## Container iterators
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Containers implement iteration over the contained elements by returning an
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iterator object. For example, vector slices several iterators available:
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* `iter()` and `rev_iter()`, for immutable references to the elements
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* `mut_iter()` and `mut_rev_iter()`, for mutable references to the elements
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* `move_iter()` and `move_rev_iter`, to move the elements out by-value
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A typical mutable container will implement at least `iter()`, `mut_iter()` and
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`move_iter()` along with the reverse variants if it maintains an order.
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### Freezing
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Unlike most other languages with external iterators, Rust has no *iterator
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invalidation*. As long an iterator is still in scope, the compiler will prevent
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modification of the container through another handle.
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~~~
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let mut xs = [1, 2, 3];
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{
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let _it = xs.iter();
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// the vector is frozen for this scope, the compiler will statically
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// prevent modification
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}
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// the vector becomes unfrozen again at the end of the scope
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~~~
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These semantics are due to most container iterators being implemented with `&`
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and `&mut`.
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## Iterator adaptors
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The `Iterator` trait provides many common algorithms as default methods. For
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example, the `fold` method will accumulate the items yielded by an `Iterator`
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into a single value:
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12];
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let result = xs.iter().fold(0, |accumulator, item| accumulator - *item);
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assert_eq!(result, -41);
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~~~
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Some adaptors return an adaptor object implementing the `Iterator` trait itself:
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12];
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let ys = [5, 2, 1, 8];
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let sum = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter()).fold(0, |a, b| a + *b);
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assert_eq!(sum, 57);
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~~~
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## For loops
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The `for` keyword can be used as sugar for iterating through any iterator:
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~~~
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let xs = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17];
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// print out all the elements in the vector
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for x in xs.iter() {
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println(x.to_str())
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}
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// print out all but the first 3 elements in the vector
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for x in xs.iter().skip(3) {
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println(x.to_str())
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}
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~~~
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For loops are *often* used with a temporary iterator object, as above. They can
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also advance the state of an iterator in a mutable location:
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
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let ys = ["foo", "bar", "baz", "foobar"];
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// create an iterator yielding tuples of elements from both vectors
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let mut it = xs.iter().zip(ys.iter());
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// print out the pairs of elements up to (&3, &"baz")
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for (x, y) in it {
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printfln!("%d %s", *x, *y);
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if *x == 3 {
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break;
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}
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}
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// yield and print the last pair from the iterator
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printfln!("last: %?", it.next());
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// the iterator is now fully consumed
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assert!(it.next().is_none());
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~~~
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## Conversion
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Iterators offer generic conversion to containers with the `collect` adaptor:
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~~~
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let xs = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
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let ys = xs.rev_iter().skip(1).map(|&x| x * 2).collect::<~[int]>();
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assert_eq!(ys, ~[10, 6, 4, 2, 2, 0]);
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~~~
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The method requires a type hint for the container type, if the surrounding code
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does not provide sufficient information.
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Containers can provide conversion from iterators through `collect` by
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implementing the `FromIterator` trait. For example, the implementation for
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vectors is as follows:
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~~~
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impl<A> FromIterator<A> for ~[A] {
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pub fn from_iterator<T: Iterator<A>>(iterator: &mut T) -> ~[A] {
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let (lower, _) = iterator.size_hint();
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let mut xs = with_capacity(lower);
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for x in iterator {
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xs.push(x);
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}
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xs
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}
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}
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~~~
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### Size hints
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The `Iterator` trait provides a `size_hint` default method, returning a lower
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bound and optionally on upper bound on the length of the iterator:
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~~~
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fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) { (0, None) }
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~~~
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The vector implementation of `FromIterator` from above uses the lower bound
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to pre-allocate enough space to hold the minimum number of elements the
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iterator will yield.
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The default implementation is always correct, but it should be overridden if
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the iterator can provide better information.
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The `ZeroStream` from earlier can provide an exact lower and upper bound:
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~~~
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/// A stream of N zeroes
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struct ZeroStream {
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priv remaining: uint
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}
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impl ZeroStream {
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fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {
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ZeroStream { remaining: n }
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}
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fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) {
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(self.remaining, Some(self.remaining))
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}
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}
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impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
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fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
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if self.remaining == 0 {
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None
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} else {
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self.remaining -= 1;
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Some(0)
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}
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}
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}
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~~~
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## Double-ended iterators
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The `DoubleEndedIterator` trait represents an iterator able to yield elements
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from either end of a range. It inherits from the `Iterator` trait and extends
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it with the `next_back` function.
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A `DoubleEndedIterator` can be flipped with the `invert` adaptor, returning
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another `DoubleEndedIterator` with `next` and `next_back` exchanged.
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
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let mut it = xs.iter();
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printfln!("%?", it.next()); // prints `Some(&1)`
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printfln!("%?", it.next()); // prints `Some(&2)`
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printfln!("%?", it.next_back()); // prints `Some(&6)`
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// prints `5`, `4` and `3`
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for &x in it.invert() {
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printfln!("%?", x)
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}
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~~~
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The `rev_iter` and `mut_rev_iter` methods on vectors just return an inverted
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version of the standard immutable and mutable vector iterators.
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The `chain`, `map`, `filter`, `filter_map` and `inspect` adaptors are
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`DoubleEndedIterator` implementations if the underlying iterators are.
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4];
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let ys = [5, 6, 7, 8];
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let mut it = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter()).map(|&x| x * 2);
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printfln!("%?", it.next()); // prints `Some(2)`
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// prints `16`, `14`, `12`, `10`, `8`, `6`, `4`
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for x in it.invert() {
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printfln!("%?", x);
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}
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~~~
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## Random-access iterators
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The `RandomAccessIterator` trait represents an iterator offering random access
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to the whole range. The `indexable` method retrieves the number of elements
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accessible with the `idx` method.
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The `chain` adaptor is an implementation of `RandomAccessIterator` if the
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underlying iterators are.
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~~~
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let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
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let ys = ~[7, 9, 11];
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let mut it = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter());
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&1)`
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(5)); // prints `Some(&7)`
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(7)); // prints `Some(&11)`
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(8)); // prints `None`
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// yield two elements from the beginning, and one from the end
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it.next();
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it.next();
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it.next_back();
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&3)`
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(4)); // prints `Some(&9)`
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printfln!("%?", it.idx(6)); // prints `None`
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~~~
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