rust/Contributing.md

# Contributing

There are many ways to contribute to Rustfmt. This document lays out what they
are and has information for how to get started. If you have any questions about
contributing or need help with anything, please ping nrc on irc, #rust-tools is
probably the best channel. Feel free to also ask questions on issues, or file
new issues specifically to get help.


## Test and file issues

It would be really useful to have people use rustfmt on their projects and file
issues where it does something you don't expect.

A really useful thing to do that on a crate from the Rust repo. If it does
something unexpected, file an issue; if not, make a PR to the Rust repo with the
reformatted code. We hope to get the whole repo consistently rustfmt'ed and to
replace `make tidy` with rustfmt as a medium-term goal. Issues with stack traces
for bugs and/or minimal test cases are especially useful.

See this [blog post](http://ncameron.org/blog/rustfmt-ing-rust/) for more details.


## Create test cases

Having a strong test suite for a tool like this is essential. It is very easy
to create regressions. Any tests you can add are very much appreciated.

The tests can be run with `cargo test`. This does a number of things:
* runs the unit tests for a number of internal functions;
* makes sure that rustfmt run on every file in `./tests/source/` is equal to its
  associated file in `./tests/target/`;
* runs idempotence tests on the files in `./tests/target/`. These files should
  not be changed by rustfmt;
* checks that rustfmt's code is not changed by running on itself. This ensures
  that the project bootstraps.

Creating a test is as easy as creating a new file in `./tests/source/` and an
equally named one in `./tests/target/`. If it is only required that rustfmt
leaves a piece of code unformatted, it may suffice to only create a target file.

Whenever there's a discrepancy between the expected output when running tests, a
colourised diff will be printed so that the offending line(s) can quickly be
identified.

Without explicit settings, the tests will be run using rustfmt's default
configuration. It is possible to run a test using non-default settings in several 
ways. Firstly, you can include configuration parameters in comments at the top
of the file. For example: to use 3 spaces per tab, start your test with
`// rustfmt-tab_spaces: 3`. Just remember that the comment is part of the input,
so include in both the source and target files! It is also possible to
explicitly specify the name of the expected output file in the target directory.
Use `// rustfmt-target: filename.rs` for this. You can also specify a custom
configuration by using the `rustfmt-config` directive. Rustfmt will then use
that toml file located in `./tests/config/` for its configuration. Including
`// rustfmt-config: small_tabs.toml` will run your test with the configuration
file found at `./tests/config/small_tabs.toml`. The final option is used when the
test source file contains no configuration parameter comments. In this case, the
test harness looks for a configuration file with the same filename as the test
file in the `./tests/config/` directory, so a test source file named `test-indent.rs`
would need a configuration file named `test-indent.toml` in that directory. As an
example, the `issue-1111.rs` test file is configured by the file
`./tests/config/issue-1111.toml`.


## Hack!

Here are some [good starting issues](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rustfmt/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3Aeasy).

If you've found areas which need polish and don't have issues, please submit a
PR, don't feel there needs to be an issue.


### Guidelines

Rustfmt bootstraps, that is part of its test suite is running itself on its
source code. So, basically, the only style guideline is that you must pass the
tests. That ensures that the Rustfmt source code adheres to our own conventions.

Talking of tests, if you add a new feature or fix a bug, please also add a test.
It's really easy, see above for details. Please run `cargo test` before
submitting a PR to ensure your patch passes all tests, it's pretty quick.

Please try to avoid leaving `TODO`s in the code. There are a few around, but I
wish there weren't. You can leave `FIXME`s, preferably with an issue number.


### A quick tour of Rustfmt

Rustfmt is basically a pretty printer - that is, its mode of operation is to
take an AST (abstract syntax tree) and print it in a nice way (including staying
under the maximum permitted width for a line). In order to get that AST, we
first have to parse the source text, we use the Rust compiler's parser to do
that (see [src/lib.rs](src/lib.rs)). We shy away from doing anything too fancy, such as
algebraic approaches to pretty printing, instead relying on an heuristic
approach, 'manually' crafting a string for each AST node. This results in quite
a lot of code, but it is relatively simple.

The AST is a tree view of source code. It carries all the semantic information
about the code, but not all of the syntax. In particular, we lose white space
and comments (although doc comments are preserved). Rustfmt uses a view of the
AST before macros are expanded, so there are still macro uses in the code. The
arguments to macros are not an AST, but raw tokens - this makes them harder to
format.

There are different nodes for every kind of item and expression in Rust. For
more details see the source code in the compiler -
[ast.rs](https://dxr.mozilla.org/rust/source/src/libsyntax/ast.rs) - and/or the
[docs](http://manishearth.github.io/rust-internals-docs/syntax/ast/index.html).

Many nodes in the AST (but not all, annoyingly) have a `Span`. A `Span` is a
range in the source code, it can easily be converted to a snippet of source
text. When the AST does not contain enough information for us, we rely heavily
on `Span`s. For example, we can look between spans to try and find comments, or
parse a snippet to see how the user wrote their source code.

The downside of using the AST is that we miss some information - primarily white
space and comments. White space is sometimes significant, although mostly we
want to ignore it and make our own. We strive to reproduce all comments, but
this is sometimes difficult. The crufty corners of Rustfmt are where we hack
around the absence of comments in the AST and try to recreate them as best we
can.

Our primary tool here is to look between spans for text we've missed. For
example, in a function call `foo(a, b)`, we have spans for `a` and `b`, in this
case there is only a comma and a single space between the end of `a` and the
start of `b`, so there is nothing much to do. But if we look at
`foo(a /* a comment */, b)`, then between `a` and `b` we find the comment.

At a higher level, Rustfmt has machinery so that we account for text between
'top level' items. Then we can reproduce that text pretty much verbatim. We only
count spans we actually reformat, so if we can't format a span it is not missed
completely, but is reproduced in the output without being formatted. This is
mostly handled in [src/missed_spans.rs](src/missed_spans.rs). See also `FmtVisitor::last_pos` in
[src/visitor.rs](src/visitor.rs).


#### Some important elements

At the highest level, Rustfmt uses a `Visitor` implementation called `FmtVisitor`
to walk the AST. This is in [src/visitor.rs](src/visitor.rs). This is really just used to walk
items, rather than the bodies of functions. We also cover macros and attributes
here. Most methods of the visitor call out to `Rewrite` implementations that
then walk their own children.

The `Rewrite` trait is defined in [src/rewrite.rs](src/rewrite.rs). It is implemented for many
things that can be rewritten, mostly AST nodes. It has a single function,
`rewrite`, which is called to rewrite `self` into an `Option<String>`. The
arguments are `width` which is the horizontal space we write into, and `offset`
which is how much we are currently indented from the lhs of the page. We also
take a context which contains information used for parsing, the current block
indent, and a configuration (see below).

To understand the indents, consider

```
impl Foo {
    fn foo(...) {
        bar(argument_one,
            baz());
    }
}
```

When formatting the `bar` call we will format the arguments in order, after the
first one we know we are working on multiple lines (imagine it is longer than
written). So, when we come to the second argument, the indent we pass to
`rewrite` is 12, which puts us under the first argument. The current block
indent (stored in the context) is 8. The former is used for visual indenting
(when objects are vertically aligned with some marker), the latter is used for
block indenting (when objects are tabbed in from the lhs). The width available
for `baz()` will be the maximum width, minus the space used for indenting, minus
the space used for the `);`. (Note that actual argument formatting does not
quite work like this, but it's close enough).

The `rewrite` function returns an `Option` - either we successfully rewrite and
return the rewritten string for the caller to use, or we fail to rewrite and
return `None`. This could be because Rustfmt encounters something it doesn't
know how to reformat, but more often it is because Rustfmt can't fit the item
into the required width. How to handle this is up to the caller. Often the
caller just gives up, ultimately relying on the missed spans system to paste in
the un-formatted source. A better solution (although not performed in many
places) is for the caller to shuffle around some of its other items to make
more width, then call the function again with more space.

Since it is common for callers to bail out when a callee fails, we often use a
`?` operator to make this pattern more succinct.

One way we might find out that we don't have enough space is when computing how much
space we have. Something like `available_space = budget - overhead`. Since
widths are unsized integers, this would cause underflow. Therefore we use
checked subtraction: `available_space = budget.checked_sub(overhead)?`.
`checked_sub` returns an `Option`, and if we would underflow `?` returns
`None`, otherwise we proceed with the computed space.

Much syntax in Rust is lists: lists of arguments, lists of fields, lists of
array elements, etc. We have some generic code to handle lists, including how to
space them in horizontal and vertical space, indentation, comments between
items, trailing separators, etc. However, since there are so many options, the
code is a bit complex. Look in [src/lists.rs](src/lists.rs). `write_list` is the key function,
and `ListFormatting` the key structure for configuration. You'll need to make a
`ListItems` for input, this is usually done using `itemize_list`.

Rustfmt strives to be highly configurable. Often the first part of a patch is
creating a configuration option for the feature you are implementing. All
handling of configuration options is done in [src/config.rs](src/config.rs). Look for the
`create_config!` macro at the end of the file for all the options. The rest of
the file defines a bunch of enums used for options, and the machinery to produce
the config struct and parse a config file, etc. Checking an option is done by
accessing the correct field on the config struct, e.g., `config.max_width()`. Most
functions have a `Config`, or one can be accessed via a visitor or context of
some kind.