Add initial implementation of HIR-based WF checking for diagnostics
During well-formed checking, we walk through all types 'nested' in
generic arguments. For example, WF-checking `Option<MyStruct<u8>>`
will cause us to check `MyStruct<u8>` and `u8`. However, this is done
on a `rustc_middle::ty::Ty`, which has no span information. As a result,
any errors that occur will have a very general span (e.g. the
definintion of an associated item).
This becomes a problem when macros are involved. In general, an
associated type like `type MyType = Option<MyStruct<u8>>;` may
have completely different spans for each nested type in the HIR. Using
the span of the entire associated item might end up pointing to a macro
invocation, even though a user-provided span is available in one of the
nested types.
This PR adds a framework for HIR-based well formed checking. This check
is only run during error reporting, and is used to obtain a more precise
span for an existing error. This is accomplished by individually
checking each 'nested' type in the HIR for the type, allowing us to
find the most-specific type (and span) that produces a given error.
The majority of the changes are to the error-reporting code. However,
some of the general trait code is modified to pass through more
information.
Since this has no soundness implications, I've implemented a minimal
version to begin with, which can be extended over time. In particular,
this only works for HIR items with a corresponding `DefId` (e.g. it will
not work for WF-checking performed within function bodies).
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