rust/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs

#![feature(box_patterns)]
#![feature(control_flow_enum)]
#![feature(let_else)]
#![feature(once_cell)]
#![feature(rustc_private)]
#![recursion_limit = "512"]
#![cfg_attr(feature = "deny-warnings", deny(warnings))]
#![allow(clippy::missing_errors_doc, clippy::missing_panics_doc, clippy::must_use_candidate)]
// warn on the same lints as `clippy_lints`
#![warn(trivial_casts, trivial_numeric_casts)]
// warn on lints, that are included in `rust-lang/rust`s bootstrap
#![warn(rust_2018_idioms, unused_lifetimes)]
// warn on rustc internal lints
#![warn(rustc::internal)]

// FIXME: switch to something more ergonomic here, once available.
// (Currently there is no way to opt into sysroot crates without `extern crate`.)
extern crate rustc_ast;
extern crate rustc_ast_pretty;
extern crate rustc_attr;
extern crate rustc_data_structures;
extern crate rustc_errors;
extern crate rustc_hir;
extern crate rustc_infer;
extern crate rustc_lexer;
extern crate rustc_lint;
extern crate rustc_middle;
extern crate rustc_session;
extern crate rustc_span;
extern crate rustc_target;
extern crate rustc_trait_selection;
extern crate rustc_typeck;

#[macro_use]
pub mod sym_helper;

#[allow(clippy::module_name_repetitions)]
pub mod ast_utils;
pub mod attrs;
pub mod comparisons;
pub mod consts;
pub mod diagnostics;
pub mod eager_or_lazy;
pub mod higher;
mod hir_utils;
pub mod macros;
pub mod msrvs;
pub mod numeric_literal;
pub mod paths;
pub mod ptr;
pub mod qualify_min_const_fn;
pub mod source;
pub mod str_utils;
pub mod sugg;
pub mod ty;
pub mod usage;
pub mod visitors;

pub use self::attrs::*;
pub use self::hir_utils::{both, count_eq, eq_expr_value, over, SpanlessEq, SpanlessHash};

use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
use std::hash::BuildHasherDefault;
use std::lazy::SyncOnceCell;
use std::sync::{Mutex, MutexGuard};

use if_chain::if_chain;
use rustc_ast::ast::{self, Attribute, LitKind};
use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
use rustc_data_structures::unhash::UnhashMap;
use rustc_hir as hir;
use rustc_hir::def::{DefKind, Res};
use rustc_hir::def_id::{CrateNum, DefId, LocalDefId, CRATE_DEF_ID};
use rustc_hir::hir_id::{HirIdMap, HirIdSet};
use rustc_hir::intravisit::{walk_expr, FnKind, Visitor};
use rustc_hir::itemlikevisit::ItemLikeVisitor;
use rustc_hir::LangItem::{OptionNone, ResultErr, ResultOk};
use rustc_hir::{
    def, lang_items, Arm, ArrayLen, BindingAnnotation, Block, BlockCheckMode, Body, Constness, Destination, Expr,
    ExprKind, FnDecl, ForeignItem, HirId, Impl, ImplItem, ImplItemKind, IsAsync, Item, ItemKind, LangItem, Local,
    MatchSource, Mutability, Node, Param, Pat, PatKind, Path, PathSegment, PrimTy, QPath, Stmt, StmtKind, Target,
    TraitItem, TraitItemKind, TraitRef, TyKind, UnOp,
};
use rustc_lint::{LateContext, Level, Lint, LintContext};
use rustc_middle::hir::place::PlaceBase;
use rustc_middle::ty as rustc_ty;
use rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::{Adjust, Adjustment, AutoBorrow};
use rustc_middle::ty::binding::BindingMode;
use rustc_middle::ty::{layout::IntegerExt, BorrowKind, DefIdTree, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeAndMut, TypeFoldable, UpvarCapture};
use rustc_semver::RustcVersion;
use rustc_session::Session;
use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnKind, MacroKind};
use rustc_span::source_map::original_sp;
use rustc_span::sym;
use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, Symbol};
use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
use rustc_target::abi::Integer;

use crate::consts::{constant, Constant};
use crate::ty::{can_partially_move_ty, is_copy, is_recursively_primitive_type};
use crate::visitors::expr_visitor_no_bodies;

pub fn parse_msrv(msrv: &str, sess: Option<&Session>, span: Option<Span>) -> Option<RustcVersion> {
    if let Ok(version) = RustcVersion::parse(msrv) {
        return Some(version);
    } else if let Some(sess) = sess {
        if let Some(span) = span {
            sess.span_err(span, &format!("`{}` is not a valid Rust version", msrv));
        }
    }
    None
}

pub fn meets_msrv(msrv: Option<&RustcVersion>, lint_msrv: &RustcVersion) -> bool {
    msrv.map_or(true, |msrv| msrv.meets(*lint_msrv))
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! extract_msrv_attr {
    ($context:ident) => {
        fn enter_lint_attrs(&mut self, cx: &rustc_lint::$context<'_>, attrs: &[rustc_ast::ast::Attribute]) {
            let sess = rustc_lint::LintContext::sess(cx);
            match $crate::get_unique_inner_attr(sess, attrs, "msrv") {
                Some(msrv_attr) => {
                    if let Some(msrv) = msrv_attr.value_str() {
                        self.msrv = $crate::parse_msrv(&msrv.to_string(), Some(sess), Some(msrv_attr.span));
                    } else {
                        sess.span_err(msrv_attr.span, "bad clippy attribute");
                    }
                },
                _ => (),
            }
        }
    };
}

/// If the given expression is a local binding, find the initializer expression.
/// If that initializer expression is another local binding, find its initializer again.
/// This process repeats as long as possible (but usually no more than once). Initializer
/// expressions with adjustments are ignored. If this is not desired, use [`find_binding_init`]
/// instead.
///
/// Examples:
/// ```
/// let abc = 1;
/// //        ^ output
/// let def = abc;
/// dbg!(def);
/// //   ^^^ input
///
/// // or...
/// let abc = 1;
/// let def = abc + 2;
/// //        ^^^^^^^ output
/// dbg!(def);
/// //   ^^^ input
/// ```
pub fn expr_or_init<'a, 'b, 'tcx: 'b>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, mut expr: &'a Expr<'b>) -> &'a Expr<'b> {
    while let Some(init) = path_to_local(expr)
        .and_then(|id| find_binding_init(cx, id))
        .filter(|init| cx.typeck_results().expr_adjustments(init).is_empty())
    {
        expr = init;
    }
    expr
}

/// Finds the initializer expression for a local binding. Returns `None` if the binding is mutable.
/// By only considering immutable bindings, we guarantee that the returned expression represents the
/// value of the binding wherever it is referenced.
///
/// Example: For `let x = 1`, if the `HirId` of `x` is provided, the `Expr` `1` is returned.
/// Note: If you have an expression that references a binding `x`, use `path_to_local` to get the
/// canonical binding `HirId`.
pub fn find_binding_init<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, hir_id: HirId) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    let hir = cx.tcx.hir();
    if_chain! {
        if let Some(Node::Binding(pat)) = hir.find(hir_id);
        if matches!(pat.kind, PatKind::Binding(BindingAnnotation::Unannotated, ..));
        let parent = hir.get_parent_node(hir_id);
        if let Some(Node::Local(local)) = hir.find(parent);
        then {
            return local.init;
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Returns `true` if the given `NodeId` is inside a constant context
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// if in_constant(cx, expr.hir_id) {
///     // Do something
/// }
/// ```
pub fn in_constant(cx: &LateContext<'_>, id: HirId) -> bool {
    let parent_id = cx.tcx.hir().get_parent_item(id);
    match cx.tcx.hir().get_by_def_id(parent_id) {
        Node::Item(&Item {
            kind: ItemKind::Const(..) | ItemKind::Static(..),
            ..
        })
        | Node::TraitItem(&TraitItem {
            kind: TraitItemKind::Const(..),
            ..
        })
        | Node::ImplItem(&ImplItem {
            kind: ImplItemKind::Const(..),
            ..
        })
        | Node::AnonConst(_) => true,
        Node::Item(&Item {
            kind: ItemKind::Fn(ref sig, ..),
            ..
        })
        | Node::ImplItem(&ImplItem {
            kind: ImplItemKind::Fn(ref sig, _),
            ..
        }) => sig.header.constness == Constness::Const,
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Checks if a `QPath` resolves to a constructor of a `LangItem`.
/// For example, use this to check whether a function call or a pattern is `Some(..)`.
pub fn is_lang_ctor(cx: &LateContext<'_>, qpath: &QPath<'_>, lang_item: LangItem) -> bool {
    if let QPath::Resolved(_, path) = qpath {
        if let Res::Def(DefKind::Ctor(..), ctor_id) = path.res {
            if let Ok(item_id) = cx.tcx.lang_items().require(lang_item) {
                return cx.tcx.parent(ctor_id) == Some(item_id);
            }
        }
    }
    false
}

pub fn is_unit_expr(expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    matches!(
        expr.kind,
        ExprKind::Block(
            Block {
                stmts: [],
                expr: None,
                ..
            },
            _
        ) | ExprKind::Tup([])
    )
}

/// Checks if given pattern is a wildcard (`_`)
pub fn is_wild(pat: &Pat<'_>) -> bool {
    matches!(pat.kind, PatKind::Wild)
}

/// Checks if the method call given in `expr` belongs to the given trait.
/// This is a deprecated function, consider using [`is_trait_method`].
pub fn match_trait_method(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>, path: &[&str]) -> bool {
    let def_id = cx.typeck_results().type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id).unwrap();
    let trt_id = cx.tcx.trait_of_item(def_id);
    trt_id.map_or(false, |trt_id| match_def_path(cx, trt_id, path))
}

/// Checks if a method is defined in an impl of a diagnostic item
pub fn is_diag_item_method(cx: &LateContext<'_>, def_id: DefId, diag_item: Symbol) -> bool {
    if let Some(impl_did) = cx.tcx.impl_of_method(def_id) {
        if let Some(adt) = cx.tcx.type_of(impl_did).ty_adt_def() {
            return cx.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(diag_item, adt.did);
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Checks if a method is in a diagnostic item trait
pub fn is_diag_trait_item(cx: &LateContext<'_>, def_id: DefId, diag_item: Symbol) -> bool {
    if let Some(trait_did) = cx.tcx.trait_of_item(def_id) {
        return cx.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(diag_item, trait_did);
    }
    false
}

/// Checks if the method call given in `expr` belongs to the given trait.
pub fn is_trait_method(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>, diag_item: Symbol) -> bool {
    cx.typeck_results()
        .type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id)
        .map_or(false, |did| is_diag_trait_item(cx, did, diag_item))
}

/// Checks if the given expression is a path referring an item on the trait
/// that is marked with the given diagnostic item.
///
/// For checking method call expressions instead of path expressions, use
/// [`is_trait_method`].
///
/// For example, this can be used to find if an expression like `u64::default`
/// refers to an item of the trait `Default`, which is associated with the
/// `diag_item` of `sym::Default`.
pub fn is_trait_item(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>, diag_item: Symbol) -> bool {
    if let hir::ExprKind::Path(ref qpath) = expr.kind {
        cx.qpath_res(qpath, expr.hir_id)
            .opt_def_id()
            .map_or(false, |def_id| is_diag_trait_item(cx, def_id, diag_item))
    } else {
        false
    }
}

pub fn last_path_segment<'tcx>(path: &QPath<'tcx>) -> &'tcx PathSegment<'tcx> {
    match *path {
        QPath::Resolved(_, path) => path.segments.last().expect("A path must have at least one segment"),
        QPath::TypeRelative(_, seg) => seg,
        QPath::LangItem(..) => panic!("last_path_segment: lang item has no path segments"),
    }
}

pub fn qpath_generic_tys<'tcx>(qpath: &QPath<'tcx>) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'tcx hir::Ty<'tcx>> {
    last_path_segment(qpath)
        .args
        .map_or(&[][..], |a| a.args)
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|a| match a {
            hir::GenericArg::Type(ty) => Some(ty),
            _ => None,
        })
}

/// THIS METHOD IS DEPRECATED and will eventually be removed since it does not match against the
/// entire path or resolved `DefId`. Prefer using `match_def_path`. Consider getting a `DefId` from
/// `QPath::Resolved.1.res.opt_def_id()`.
///
/// Matches a `QPath` against a slice of segment string literals.
///
/// There is also `match_path` if you are dealing with a `rustc_hir::Path` instead of a
/// `rustc_hir::QPath`.
///
/// # Examples
/// ```rust,ignore
/// match_qpath(path, &["std", "rt", "begin_unwind"])
/// ```
pub fn match_qpath(path: &QPath<'_>, segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
    match *path {
        QPath::Resolved(_, path) => match_path(path, segments),
        QPath::TypeRelative(ty, segment) => match ty.kind {
            TyKind::Path(ref inner_path) => {
                if let [prefix @ .., end] = segments {
                    if match_qpath(inner_path, prefix) {
                        return segment.ident.name.as_str() == *end;
                    }
                }
                false
            },
            _ => false,
        },
        QPath::LangItem(..) => false,
    }
}

/// If the expression is a path, resolves it to a `DefId` and checks if it matches the given path.
///
/// Please use `is_expr_diagnostic_item` if the target is a diagnostic item.
pub fn is_expr_path_def_path(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>, segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
    path_def_id(cx, expr).map_or(false, |id| match_def_path(cx, id, segments))
}

/// If the expression is a path, resolves it to a `DefId` and checks if it matches the given
/// diagnostic item.
pub fn is_expr_diagnostic_item(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>, diag_item: Symbol) -> bool {
    path_def_id(cx, expr).map_or(false, |id| cx.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(diag_item, id))
}

/// THIS METHOD IS DEPRECATED and will eventually be removed since it does not match against the
/// entire path or resolved `DefId`. Prefer using `match_def_path`. Consider getting a `DefId` from
/// `QPath::Resolved.1.res.opt_def_id()`.
///
/// Matches a `Path` against a slice of segment string literals.
///
/// There is also `match_qpath` if you are dealing with a `rustc_hir::QPath` instead of a
/// `rustc_hir::Path`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// if match_path(&trait_ref.path, &paths::HASH) {
///     // This is the `std::hash::Hash` trait.
/// }
///
/// if match_path(ty_path, &["rustc", "lint", "Lint"]) {
///     // This is a `rustc_middle::lint::Lint`.
/// }
/// ```
pub fn match_path(path: &Path<'_>, segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
    path.segments
        .iter()
        .rev()
        .zip(segments.iter().rev())
        .all(|(a, b)| a.ident.name.as_str() == *b)
}

/// If the expression is a path to a local, returns the canonical `HirId` of the local.
pub fn path_to_local(expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<HirId> {
    if let ExprKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(None, path)) = expr.kind {
        if let Res::Local(id) = path.res {
            return Some(id);
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Returns true if the expression is a path to a local with the specified `HirId`.
/// Use this function to see if an expression matches a function argument or a match binding.
pub fn path_to_local_id(expr: &Expr<'_>, id: HirId) -> bool {
    path_to_local(expr) == Some(id)
}

pub trait MaybePath<'hir> {
    fn hir_id(&self) -> HirId;
    fn qpath_opt(&self) -> Option<&QPath<'hir>>;
}

macro_rules! maybe_path {
    ($ty:ident, $kind:ident) => {
        impl<'hir> MaybePath<'hir> for hir::$ty<'hir> {
            fn hir_id(&self) -> HirId {
                self.hir_id
            }
            fn qpath_opt(&self) -> Option<&QPath<'hir>> {
                match &self.kind {
                    hir::$kind::Path(qpath) => Some(qpath),
                    _ => None,
                }
            }
        }
    };
}
maybe_path!(Expr, ExprKind);
maybe_path!(Pat, PatKind);
maybe_path!(Ty, TyKind);

/// If `maybe_path` is a path node, resolves it, otherwise returns `Res::Err`
pub fn path_res<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'_>, maybe_path: &impl MaybePath<'tcx>) -> Res {
    match maybe_path.qpath_opt() {
        None => Res::Err,
        Some(qpath) => cx.qpath_res(qpath, maybe_path.hir_id()),
    }
}

/// If `maybe_path` is a path node which resolves to an item, retrieves the item ID
pub fn path_def_id<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'_>, maybe_path: &impl MaybePath<'tcx>) -> Option<DefId> {
    path_res(cx, maybe_path).opt_def_id()
}

/// Resolves a def path like `std::vec::Vec`.
/// This function is expensive and should be used sparingly.
pub fn def_path_res(cx: &LateContext<'_>, path: &[&str]) -> Res {
    macro_rules! try_res {
        ($e:expr) => {
            match $e {
                Some(e) => e,
                None => return Res::Err,
            }
        };
    }
    fn item_child_by_name(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId, name: &str) -> Option<Res> {
        match tcx.def_kind(def_id) {
            DefKind::Mod | DefKind::Enum | DefKind::Trait => tcx
                .module_children(def_id)
                .iter()
                .find(|item| item.ident.name.as_str() == name)
                .map(|child| child.res.expect_non_local()),
            DefKind::Impl => tcx
                .associated_item_def_ids(def_id)
                .iter()
                .copied()
                .find(|assoc_def_id| tcx.item_name(*assoc_def_id).as_str() == name)
                .map(|assoc_def_id| Res::Def(tcx.def_kind(assoc_def_id), assoc_def_id)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
    fn find_primitive(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, name: &str) -> Option<DefId> {
        if let Some(&(index, Target::Impl)) = lang_items::ITEM_REFS.get(&Symbol::intern(name)) {
            tcx.lang_items().items()[index]
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
    fn find_crate(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, name: &str) -> Option<DefId> {
        tcx.crates(())
            .iter()
            .find(|&&num| tcx.crate_name(num).as_str() == name)
            .map(CrateNum::as_def_id)
    }

    let (base, first, path) = match *path {
        [base, first, ref path @ ..] => (base, first, path),
        [primitive] => {
            return PrimTy::from_name(Symbol::intern(primitive)).map_or(Res::Err, Res::PrimTy);
        },
        _ => return Res::Err,
    };
    let tcx = cx.tcx;
    let first = try_res!(
        find_primitive(tcx, base)
            .or_else(|| find_crate(tcx, base))
            .and_then(|id| item_child_by_name(tcx, id, first))
    );

    let last = path
        .iter()
        .copied()
        // for each segment, find the child item
        .try_fold(first, |res, segment| {
            let def_id = res.def_id();
            if let Some(item) = item_child_by_name(tcx, def_id, segment) {
                Some(item)
            } else if matches!(res, Res::Def(DefKind::Enum | DefKind::Struct, _)) {
                // it is not a child item so check inherent impl items
                tcx.inherent_impls(def_id)
                    .iter()
                    .find_map(|&impl_def_id| item_child_by_name(tcx, impl_def_id, segment))
            } else {
                None
            }
        });
    try_res!(last).expect_non_local()
}

/// Convenience function to get the `DefId` of a trait by path.
/// It could be a trait or trait alias.
pub fn get_trait_def_id(cx: &LateContext<'_>, path: &[&str]) -> Option<DefId> {
    match def_path_res(cx, path) {
        Res::Def(DefKind::Trait | DefKind::TraitAlias, trait_id) => Some(trait_id),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Gets the `hir::TraitRef` of the trait the given method is implemented for.
///
/// Use this if you want to find the `TraitRef` of the `Add` trait in this example:
///
/// ```rust
/// struct Point(isize, isize);
///
/// impl std::ops::Add for Point {
///     type Output = Self;
///
///     fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {
///         Point(0, 0)
///     }
/// }
/// ```
pub fn trait_ref_of_method<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, def_id: LocalDefId) -> Option<&'tcx TraitRef<'tcx>> {
    // Get the implemented trait for the current function
    let hir_id = cx.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id);
    let parent_impl = cx.tcx.hir().get_parent_item(hir_id);
    if_chain! {
        if parent_impl != CRATE_DEF_ID;
        if let hir::Node::Item(item) = cx.tcx.hir().get_by_def_id(parent_impl);
        if let hir::ItemKind::Impl(impl_) = &item.kind;
        then {
            return impl_.of_trait.as_ref();
        }
    }
    None
}

/// This method will return tuple of projection stack and root of the expression,
/// used in `can_mut_borrow_both`.
///
/// For example, if `e` represents the `v[0].a.b[x]`
/// this method will return a tuple, composed of a `Vec`
/// containing the `Expr`s for `v[0], v[0].a, v[0].a.b, v[0].a.b[x]`
/// and an `Expr` for root of them, `v`
fn projection_stack<'a, 'hir>(mut e: &'a Expr<'hir>) -> (Vec<&'a Expr<'hir>>, &'a Expr<'hir>) {
    let mut result = vec![];
    let root = loop {
        match e.kind {
            ExprKind::Index(ep, _) | ExprKind::Field(ep, _) => {
                result.push(e);
                e = ep;
            },
            _ => break e,
        };
    };
    result.reverse();
    (result, root)
}

/// Gets the mutability of the custom deref adjustment, if any.
pub fn expr_custom_deref_adjustment(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<Mutability> {
    cx.typeck_results()
        .expr_adjustments(e)
        .iter()
        .find_map(|a| match a.kind {
            Adjust::Deref(Some(d)) => Some(Some(d.mutbl)),
            Adjust::Deref(None) => None,
            _ => Some(None),
        })
        .and_then(|x| x)
}

/// Checks if two expressions can be mutably borrowed simultaneously
/// and they aren't dependent on borrowing same thing twice
pub fn can_mut_borrow_both(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e1: &Expr<'_>, e2: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let (s1, r1) = projection_stack(e1);
    let (s2, r2) = projection_stack(e2);
    if !eq_expr_value(cx, r1, r2) {
        return true;
    }
    if expr_custom_deref_adjustment(cx, r1).is_some() || expr_custom_deref_adjustment(cx, r2).is_some() {
        return false;
    }

    for (x1, x2) in s1.iter().zip(s2.iter()) {
        if expr_custom_deref_adjustment(cx, x1).is_some() || expr_custom_deref_adjustment(cx, x2).is_some() {
            return false;
        }

        match (&x1.kind, &x2.kind) {
            (ExprKind::Field(_, i1), ExprKind::Field(_, i2)) => {
                if i1 != i2 {
                    return true;
                }
            },
            (ExprKind::Index(_, i1), ExprKind::Index(_, i2)) => {
                if !eq_expr_value(cx, i1, i2) {
                    return false;
                }
            },
            _ => return false,
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Returns true if the `def_id` associated with the `path` is recognized as a "default-equivalent"
/// constructor from the std library
fn is_default_equivalent_ctor(cx: &LateContext<'_>, def_id: DefId, path: &QPath<'_>) -> bool {
    let std_types_symbols = &[
        sym::String,
        sym::Vec,
        sym::VecDeque,
        sym::LinkedList,
        sym::HashMap,
        sym::BTreeMap,
        sym::HashSet,
        sym::BTreeSet,
        sym::BinaryHeap,
    ];

    if let QPath::TypeRelative(_, method) = path {
        if method.ident.name == sym::new {
            if let Some(impl_did) = cx.tcx.impl_of_method(def_id) {
                if let Some(adt) = cx.tcx.type_of(impl_did).ty_adt_def() {
                    return std_types_symbols
                        .iter()
                        .any(|&symbol| cx.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(symbol, adt.did));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Return true if the expr is equal to `Default::default` when evaluated.
pub fn is_default_equivalent_call(cx: &LateContext<'_>, repl_func: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    if_chain! {
        if let hir::ExprKind::Path(ref repl_func_qpath) = repl_func.kind;
        if let Some(repl_def_id) = cx.qpath_res(repl_func_qpath, repl_func.hir_id).opt_def_id();
        if is_diag_trait_item(cx, repl_def_id, sym::Default)
            || is_default_equivalent_ctor(cx, repl_def_id, repl_func_qpath);
        then { true } else { false }
    }
}

/// Returns true if the expr is equal to `Default::default()` of it's type when evaluated.
/// It doesn't cover all cases, for example indirect function calls (some of std
/// functions are supported) but it is the best we have.
pub fn is_default_equivalent(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    match &e.kind {
        ExprKind::Lit(lit) => match lit.node {
            LitKind::Bool(false) | LitKind::Int(0, _) => true,
            LitKind::Str(s, _) => s.is_empty(),
            _ => false,
        },
        ExprKind::Tup(items) | ExprKind::Array(items) => items.iter().all(|x| is_default_equivalent(cx, x)),
        ExprKind::Repeat(x, ArrayLen::Body(len)) => if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::Lit(ref const_lit) = cx.tcx.hir().body(len.body).value.kind;
            if let LitKind::Int(v, _) = const_lit.node;
            if v <= 32 && is_default_equivalent(cx, x);
            then {
                true
            }
            else {
                false
            }
        },
        ExprKind::Call(repl_func, _) => is_default_equivalent_call(cx, repl_func),
        ExprKind::Path(qpath) => is_lang_ctor(cx, qpath, OptionNone),
        ExprKind::AddrOf(rustc_hir::BorrowKind::Ref, _, expr) => matches!(expr.kind, ExprKind::Array([])),
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Checks if the top level expression can be moved into a closure as is.
/// Currently checks for:
/// * Break/Continue outside the given loop HIR ids.
/// * Yield/Return statements.
/// * Inline assembly.
/// * Usages of a field of a local where the type of the local can be partially moved.
///
/// For example, given the following function:
///
/// ```
/// fn f<'a>(iter: &mut impl Iterator<Item = (usize, &'a mut String)>) {
///     for item in iter {
///         let s = item.1;
///         if item.0 > 10 {
///             continue;
///         } else {
///             s.clear();
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// When called on the expression `item.0` this will return false unless the local `item` is in the
/// `ignore_locals` set. The type `(usize, &mut String)` can have the second element moved, so it
/// isn't always safe to move into a closure when only a single field is needed.
///
/// When called on the `continue` expression this will return false unless the outer loop expression
/// is in the `loop_ids` set.
///
/// Note that this check is not recursive, so passing the `if` expression will always return true
/// even though sub-expressions might return false.
pub fn can_move_expr_to_closure_no_visit<'tcx>(
    cx: &LateContext<'tcx>,
    expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>,
    loop_ids: &[HirId],
    ignore_locals: &HirIdSet,
) -> bool {
    match expr.kind {
        ExprKind::Break(Destination { target_id: Ok(id), .. }, _)
        | ExprKind::Continue(Destination { target_id: Ok(id), .. })
            if loop_ids.contains(&id) =>
        {
            true
        },
        ExprKind::Break(..)
        | ExprKind::Continue(_)
        | ExprKind::Ret(_)
        | ExprKind::Yield(..)
        | ExprKind::InlineAsm(_) => false,
        // Accessing a field of a local value can only be done if the type isn't
        // partially moved.
        ExprKind::Field(
            &Expr {
                hir_id,
                kind:
                    ExprKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(
                        _,
                        Path {
                            res: Res::Local(local_id),
                            ..
                        },
                    )),
                ..
            },
            _,
        ) if !ignore_locals.contains(local_id) && can_partially_move_ty(cx, cx.typeck_results().node_type(hir_id)) => {
            // TODO: check if the local has been partially moved. Assume it has for now.
            false
        },
        _ => true,
    }
}

/// How a local is captured by a closure
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CaptureKind {
    Value,
    Ref(Mutability),
}
impl CaptureKind {
    pub fn is_imm_ref(self) -> bool {
        self == Self::Ref(Mutability::Not)
    }
}
impl std::ops::BitOr for CaptureKind {
    type Output = Self;
    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
        match (self, rhs) {
            (CaptureKind::Value, _) | (_, CaptureKind::Value) => CaptureKind::Value,
            (CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut), CaptureKind::Ref(_))
            | (CaptureKind::Ref(_), CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut)) => CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut),
            (CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not), CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not)) => CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not),
        }
    }
}
impl std::ops::BitOrAssign for CaptureKind {
    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
        *self = *self | rhs;
    }
}

/// Given an expression referencing a local, determines how it would be captured in a closure.
/// Note as this will walk up to parent expressions until the capture can be determined it should
/// only be used while making a closure somewhere a value is consumed. e.g. a block, match arm, or
/// function argument (other than a receiver).
pub fn capture_local_usage<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> CaptureKind {
    fn pat_capture_kind(cx: &LateContext<'_>, pat: &Pat<'_>) -> CaptureKind {
        let mut capture = CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not);
        pat.each_binding_or_first(&mut |_, id, span, _| match cx
            .typeck_results()
            .extract_binding_mode(cx.sess(), id, span)
            .unwrap()
        {
            BindingMode::BindByValue(_) if !is_copy(cx, cx.typeck_results().node_type(id)) => {
                capture = CaptureKind::Value;
            },
            BindingMode::BindByReference(Mutability::Mut) if capture != CaptureKind::Value => {
                capture = CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut);
            },
            _ => (),
        });
        capture
    }

    debug_assert!(matches!(
        e.kind,
        ExprKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(None, Path { res: Res::Local(_), .. }))
    ));

    let mut child_id = e.hir_id;
    let mut capture = CaptureKind::Value;
    let mut capture_expr_ty = e;

    for (parent_id, parent) in cx.tcx.hir().parent_iter(e.hir_id) {
        if let [
            Adjustment {
                kind: Adjust::Deref(_) | Adjust::Borrow(AutoBorrow::Ref(..)),
                target,
            },
            ref adjust @ ..,
        ] = *cx
            .typeck_results()
            .adjustments()
            .get(child_id)
            .map_or(&[][..], |x| &**x)
        {
            if let rustc_ty::RawPtr(TypeAndMut { mutbl: mutability, .. }) | rustc_ty::Ref(_, _, mutability) =
                *adjust.last().map_or(target, |a| a.target).kind()
            {
                return CaptureKind::Ref(mutability);
            }
        }

        match parent {
            Node::Expr(e) => match e.kind {
                ExprKind::AddrOf(_, mutability, _) => return CaptureKind::Ref(mutability),
                ExprKind::Index(..) | ExprKind::Unary(UnOp::Deref, _) => capture = CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not),
                ExprKind::Assign(lhs, ..) | ExprKind::Assign(_, lhs, _) if lhs.hir_id == child_id => {
                    return CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut);
                },
                ExprKind::Field(..) => {
                    if capture == CaptureKind::Value {
                        capture_expr_ty = e;
                    }
                },
                ExprKind::Let(let_expr) => {
                    let mutability = match pat_capture_kind(cx, let_expr.pat) {
                        CaptureKind::Value => Mutability::Not,
                        CaptureKind::Ref(m) => m,
                    };
                    return CaptureKind::Ref(mutability);
                },
                ExprKind::Match(_, arms, _) => {
                    let mut mutability = Mutability::Not;
                    for capture in arms.iter().map(|arm| pat_capture_kind(cx, arm.pat)) {
                        match capture {
                            CaptureKind::Value => break,
                            CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut) => mutability = Mutability::Mut,
                            CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not) => (),
                        }
                    }
                    return CaptureKind::Ref(mutability);
                },
                _ => break,
            },
            Node::Local(l) => match pat_capture_kind(cx, l.pat) {
                CaptureKind::Value => break,
                capture @ CaptureKind::Ref(_) => return capture,
            },
            _ => break,
        }

        child_id = parent_id;
    }

    if capture == CaptureKind::Value && is_copy(cx, cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(capture_expr_ty)) {
        // Copy types are never automatically captured by value.
        CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not)
    } else {
        capture
    }
}

/// Checks if the expression can be moved into a closure as is. This will return a list of captures
/// if so, otherwise, `None`.
pub fn can_move_expr_to_closure<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>) -> Option<HirIdMap<CaptureKind>> {
    struct V<'cx, 'tcx> {
        cx: &'cx LateContext<'tcx>,
        // Stack of potential break targets contained in the expression.
        loops: Vec<HirId>,
        /// Local variables created in the expression. These don't need to be captured.
        locals: HirIdSet,
        /// Whether this expression can be turned into a closure.
        allow_closure: bool,
        /// Locals which need to be captured, and whether they need to be by value, reference, or
        /// mutable reference.
        captures: HirIdMap<CaptureKind>,
    }
    impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for V<'_, 'tcx> {
        fn visit_expr(&mut self, e: &'tcx Expr<'_>) {
            if !self.allow_closure {
                return;
            }

            match e.kind {
                ExprKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(None, &Path { res: Res::Local(l), .. })) => {
                    if !self.locals.contains(&l) {
                        let cap = capture_local_usage(self.cx, e);
                        self.captures.entry(l).and_modify(|e| *e |= cap).or_insert(cap);
                    }
                },
                ExprKind::Closure(..) => {
                    let closure_id = self.cx.tcx.hir().local_def_id(e.hir_id).to_def_id();
                    for capture in self.cx.typeck_results().closure_min_captures_flattened(closure_id) {
                        let local_id = match capture.place.base {
                            PlaceBase::Local(id) => id,
                            PlaceBase::Upvar(var) => var.var_path.hir_id,
                            _ => continue,
                        };
                        if !self.locals.contains(&local_id) {
                            let capture = match capture.info.capture_kind {
                                UpvarCapture::ByValue => CaptureKind::Value,
                                UpvarCapture::ByRef(kind) => match kind {
                                    BorrowKind::ImmBorrow => CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Not),
                                    BorrowKind::UniqueImmBorrow | BorrowKind::MutBorrow => {
                                        CaptureKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut)
                                    },
                                },
                            };
                            self.captures
                                .entry(local_id)
                                .and_modify(|e| *e |= capture)
                                .or_insert(capture);
                        }
                    }
                },
                ExprKind::Loop(b, ..) => {
                    self.loops.push(e.hir_id);
                    self.visit_block(b);
                    self.loops.pop();
                },
                _ => {
                    self.allow_closure &= can_move_expr_to_closure_no_visit(self.cx, e, &self.loops, &self.locals);
                    walk_expr(self, e);
                },
            }
        }

        fn visit_pat(&mut self, p: &'tcx Pat<'tcx>) {
            p.each_binding_or_first(&mut |_, id, _, _| {
                self.locals.insert(id);
            });
        }
    }

    let mut v = V {
        cx,
        allow_closure: true,
        loops: Vec::new(),
        locals: HirIdSet::default(),
        captures: HirIdMap::default(),
    };
    v.visit_expr(expr);
    v.allow_closure.then(|| v.captures)
}

/// Returns the method names and argument list of nested method call expressions that make up
/// `expr`. method/span lists are sorted with the most recent call first.
pub fn method_calls<'tcx>(
    expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>,
    max_depth: usize,
) -> (Vec<Symbol>, Vec<&'tcx [Expr<'tcx>]>, Vec<Span>) {
    let mut method_names = Vec::with_capacity(max_depth);
    let mut arg_lists = Vec::with_capacity(max_depth);
    let mut spans = Vec::with_capacity(max_depth);

    let mut current = expr;
    for _ in 0..max_depth {
        if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, args, _) = &current.kind {
            if args.iter().any(|e| e.span.from_expansion()) {
                break;
            }
            method_names.push(path.ident.name);
            arg_lists.push(&**args);
            spans.push(path.ident.span);
            current = &args[0];
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    (method_names, arg_lists, spans)
}

/// Matches an `Expr` against a chain of methods, and return the matched `Expr`s.
///
/// For example, if `expr` represents the `.baz()` in `foo.bar().baz()`,
/// `method_chain_args(expr, &["bar", "baz"])` will return a `Vec`
/// containing the `Expr`s for
/// `.bar()` and `.baz()`
pub fn method_chain_args<'a>(expr: &'a Expr<'_>, methods: &[&str]) -> Option<Vec<&'a [Expr<'a>]>> {
    let mut current = expr;
    let mut matched = Vec::with_capacity(methods.len());
    for method_name in methods.iter().rev() {
        // method chains are stored last -> first
        if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, args, _) = current.kind {
            if path.ident.name.as_str() == *method_name {
                if args.iter().any(|e| e.span.from_expansion()) {
                    return None;
                }
                matched.push(args); // build up `matched` backwards
                current = &args[0]; // go to parent expression
            } else {
                return None;
            }
        } else {
            return None;
        }
    }
    // Reverse `matched` so that it is in the same order as `methods`.
    matched.reverse();
    Some(matched)
}

/// Returns `true` if the provided `def_id` is an entrypoint to a program.
pub fn is_entrypoint_fn(cx: &LateContext<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
    cx.tcx
        .entry_fn(())
        .map_or(false, |(entry_fn_def_id, _)| def_id == entry_fn_def_id)
}

/// Returns `true` if the expression is in the program's `#[panic_handler]`.
pub fn is_in_panic_handler(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let parent = cx.tcx.hir().get_parent_item(e.hir_id);
    Some(parent.to_def_id()) == cx.tcx.lang_items().panic_impl()
}

/// Gets the name of the item the expression is in, if available.
pub fn get_item_name(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<Symbol> {
    let parent_id = cx.tcx.hir().get_parent_item(expr.hir_id);
    match cx.tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(parent_id) {
        Some(
            Node::Item(Item { ident, .. })
            | Node::TraitItem(TraitItem { ident, .. })
            | Node::ImplItem(ImplItem { ident, .. }),
        ) => Some(ident.name),
        _ => None,
    }
}

pub struct ContainsName {
    pub name: Symbol,
    pub result: bool,
}

impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for ContainsName {
    fn visit_name(&mut self, _: Span, name: Symbol) {
        if self.name == name {
            self.result = true;
        }
    }
}

/// Checks if an `Expr` contains a certain name.
pub fn contains_name(name: Symbol, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let mut cn = ContainsName { name, result: false };
    cn.visit_expr(expr);
    cn.result
}

/// Returns `true` if `expr` contains a return expression
pub fn contains_return(expr: &hir::Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let mut found = false;
    expr_visitor_no_bodies(|expr| {
        if !found {
            if let hir::ExprKind::Ret(..) = &expr.kind {
                found = true;
            }
        }
        !found
    })
    .visit_expr(expr);
    found
}

/// Extends the span to the beginning of the spans line, incl. whitespaces.
///
/// ```rust
///        let x = ();
/// //             ^^
/// // will be converted to
///        let x = ();
/// // ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
/// ```
fn line_span<T: LintContext>(cx: &T, span: Span) -> Span {
    let span = original_sp(span, DUMMY_SP);
    let source_map_and_line = cx.sess().source_map().lookup_line(span.lo()).unwrap();
    let line_no = source_map_and_line.line;
    let line_start = source_map_and_line.sf.lines[line_no];
    span.with_lo(line_start)
}

/// Gets the parent node, if any.
pub fn get_parent_node(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, id: HirId) -> Option<Node<'_>> {
    tcx.hir().parent_iter(id).next().map(|(_, node)| node)
}

/// Gets the parent expression, if any –- this is useful to constrain a lint.
pub fn get_parent_expr<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    get_parent_expr_for_hir(cx, e.hir_id)
}

/// This retrieves the parent for the given `HirId` if it's an expression. This is useful for
/// constraint lints
pub fn get_parent_expr_for_hir<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, hir_id: hir::HirId) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    match get_parent_node(cx.tcx, hir_id) {
        Some(Node::Expr(parent)) => Some(parent),
        _ => None,
    }
}

pub fn get_enclosing_block<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, hir_id: HirId) -> Option<&'tcx Block<'tcx>> {
    let map = &cx.tcx.hir();
    let enclosing_node = map
        .get_enclosing_scope(hir_id)
        .and_then(|enclosing_id| map.find(enclosing_id));
    enclosing_node.and_then(|node| match node {
        Node::Block(block) => Some(block),
        Node::Item(&Item {
            kind: ItemKind::Fn(_, _, eid),
            ..
        })
        | Node::ImplItem(&ImplItem {
            kind: ImplItemKind::Fn(_, eid),
            ..
        }) => match cx.tcx.hir().body(eid).value.kind {
            ExprKind::Block(block, _) => Some(block),
            _ => None,
        },
        _ => None,
    })
}

/// Gets the loop or closure enclosing the given expression, if any.
pub fn get_enclosing_loop_or_closure<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    for (_, node) in tcx.hir().parent_iter(expr.hir_id) {
        match node {
            Node::Expr(
                e @ Expr {
                    kind: ExprKind::Loop(..) | ExprKind::Closure(..),
                    ..
                },
            ) => return Some(e),
            Node::Expr(_) | Node::Stmt(_) | Node::Block(_) | Node::Local(_) | Node::Arm(_) => (),
            _ => break,
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Gets the parent node if it's an impl block.
pub fn get_parent_as_impl(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, id: HirId) -> Option<&Impl<'_>> {
    match tcx.hir().parent_iter(id).next() {
        Some((
            _,
            Node::Item(Item {
                kind: ItemKind::Impl(imp),
                ..
            }),
        )) => Some(imp),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Removes blocks around an expression, only if the block contains just one expression
/// and no statements. Unsafe blocks are not removed.
///
/// Examples:
///  * `{}`               -> `{}`
///  * `{ x }`            -> `x`
///  * `{{ x }}`          -> `x`
///  * `{ x; }`           -> `{ x; }`
///  * `{ x; y }`         -> `{ x; y }`
///  * `{ unsafe { x } }` -> `unsafe { x }`
pub fn peel_blocks<'a>(mut expr: &'a Expr<'a>) -> &'a Expr<'a> {
    while let ExprKind::Block(
        Block {
            stmts: [],
            expr: Some(inner),
            rules: BlockCheckMode::DefaultBlock,
            ..
        },
        _,
    ) = expr.kind
    {
        expr = inner;
    }
    expr
}

/// Removes blocks around an expression, only if the block contains just one expression
/// or just one expression statement with a semicolon. Unsafe blocks are not removed.
///
/// Examples:
///  * `{}`               -> `{}`
///  * `{ x }`            -> `x`
///  * `{ x; }`           -> `x`
///  * `{{ x; }}`         -> `x`
///  * `{ x; y }`         -> `{ x; y }`
///  * `{ unsafe { x } }` -> `unsafe { x }`
pub fn peel_blocks_with_stmt<'a>(mut expr: &'a Expr<'a>) -> &'a Expr<'a> {
    while let ExprKind::Block(
        Block {
            stmts: [],
            expr: Some(inner),
            rules: BlockCheckMode::DefaultBlock,
            ..
        }
        | Block {
            stmts:
                [
                    Stmt {
                        kind: StmtKind::Expr(inner) | StmtKind::Semi(inner),
                        ..
                    },
                ],
            expr: None,
            rules: BlockCheckMode::DefaultBlock,
            ..
        },
        _,
    ) = expr.kind
    {
        expr = inner;
    }
    expr
}

/// Checks if the given expression is the else clause of either an `if` or `if let` expression.
pub fn is_else_clause(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let mut iter = tcx.hir().parent_iter(expr.hir_id);
    match iter.next() {
        Some((
            _,
            Node::Expr(Expr {
                kind: ExprKind::If(_, _, Some(else_expr)),
                ..
            }),
        )) => else_expr.hir_id == expr.hir_id,
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Checks whether the given expression is a constant integer of the given value.
/// unlike `is_integer_literal`, this version does const folding
pub fn is_integer_const(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>, value: u128) -> bool {
    if is_integer_literal(e, value) {
        return true;
    }
    let enclosing_body = cx.tcx.hir().local_def_id(cx.tcx.hir().enclosing_body_owner(e.hir_id));
    if let Some((Constant::Int(v), _)) = constant(cx, cx.tcx.typeck(enclosing_body), e) {
        return value == v;
    }
    false
}

/// Checks whether the given expression is a constant literal of the given value.
pub fn is_integer_literal(expr: &Expr<'_>, value: u128) -> bool {
    // FIXME: use constant folding
    if let ExprKind::Lit(ref spanned) = expr.kind {
        if let LitKind::Int(v, _) = spanned.node {
            return v == value;
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Returns `true` if the given `Expr` has been coerced before.
///
/// Examples of coercions can be found in the Nomicon at
/// <https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/coercions.html>.
///
/// See `rustc_middle::ty::adjustment::Adjustment` and `rustc_typeck::check::coercion` for more
/// information on adjustments and coercions.
pub fn is_adjusted(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    cx.typeck_results().adjustments().get(e.hir_id).is_some()
}

/// Returns the pre-expansion span if this comes from an expansion of the
/// macro `name`.
/// See also [`is_direct_expn_of`].
#[must_use]
pub fn is_expn_of(mut span: Span, name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
    loop {
        if span.from_expansion() {
            let data = span.ctxt().outer_expn_data();
            let new_span = data.call_site;

            if let ExpnKind::Macro(MacroKind::Bang, mac_name) = data.kind {
                if mac_name.as_str() == name {
                    return Some(new_span);
                }
            }

            span = new_span;
        } else {
            return None;
        }
    }
}

/// Returns the pre-expansion span if the span directly comes from an expansion
/// of the macro `name`.
/// The difference with [`is_expn_of`] is that in
/// ```rust
/// # macro_rules! foo { ($name:tt!$args:tt) => { $name!$args } }
/// # macro_rules! bar { ($e:expr) => { $e } }
/// foo!(bar!(42));
/// ```
/// `42` is considered expanded from `foo!` and `bar!` by `is_expn_of` but only
/// from `bar!` by `is_direct_expn_of`.
#[must_use]
pub fn is_direct_expn_of(span: Span, name: &str) -> Option<Span> {
    if span.from_expansion() {
        let data = span.ctxt().outer_expn_data();
        let new_span = data.call_site;

        if let ExpnKind::Macro(MacroKind::Bang, mac_name) = data.kind {
            if mac_name.as_str() == name {
                return Some(new_span);
            }
        }
    }

    None
}

/// Convenience function to get the return type of a function.
pub fn return_ty<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, fn_item: hir::HirId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let fn_def_id = cx.tcx.hir().local_def_id(fn_item);
    let ret_ty = cx.tcx.fn_sig(fn_def_id).output();
    cx.tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(ret_ty)
}

/// Convenience function to get the nth argument type of a function.
pub fn nth_arg<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, fn_item: hir::HirId, nth: usize) -> Ty<'tcx> {
    let fn_def_id = cx.tcx.hir().local_def_id(fn_item);
    let arg = cx.tcx.fn_sig(fn_def_id).input(nth);
    cx.tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(arg)
}

/// Checks if an expression is constructing a tuple-like enum variant or struct
pub fn is_ctor_or_promotable_const_function(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    if let ExprKind::Call(fun, _) = expr.kind {
        if let ExprKind::Path(ref qp) = fun.kind {
            let res = cx.qpath_res(qp, fun.hir_id);
            return match res {
                def::Res::Def(DefKind::Variant | DefKind::Ctor(..), ..) => true,
                def::Res::Def(_, def_id) => cx.tcx.is_promotable_const_fn(def_id),
                _ => false,
            };
        }
    }
    false
}

/// Returns `true` if a pattern is refutable.
// TODO: should be implemented using rustc/mir_build/thir machinery
pub fn is_refutable(cx: &LateContext<'_>, pat: &Pat<'_>) -> bool {
    fn is_enum_variant(cx: &LateContext<'_>, qpath: &QPath<'_>, id: HirId) -> bool {
        matches!(
            cx.qpath_res(qpath, id),
            def::Res::Def(DefKind::Variant, ..) | Res::Def(DefKind::Ctor(def::CtorOf::Variant, _), _)
        )
    }

    fn are_refutable<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a Pat<'a>>>(cx: &LateContext<'_>, i: I) -> bool {
        i.into_iter().any(|pat| is_refutable(cx, pat))
    }

    match pat.kind {
        PatKind::Wild => false,
        PatKind::Binding(_, _, _, pat) => pat.map_or(false, |pat| is_refutable(cx, pat)),
        PatKind::Box(pat) | PatKind::Ref(pat, _) => is_refutable(cx, pat),
        PatKind::Lit(..) | PatKind::Range(..) => true,
        PatKind::Path(ref qpath) => is_enum_variant(cx, qpath, pat.hir_id),
        PatKind::Or(pats) => {
            // TODO: should be the honest check, that pats is exhaustive set
            are_refutable(cx, pats)
        },
        PatKind::Tuple(pats, _) => are_refutable(cx, pats),
        PatKind::Struct(ref qpath, fields, _) => {
            is_enum_variant(cx, qpath, pat.hir_id) || are_refutable(cx, fields.iter().map(|field| &*field.pat))
        },
        PatKind::TupleStruct(ref qpath, pats, _) => is_enum_variant(cx, qpath, pat.hir_id) || are_refutable(cx, pats),
        PatKind::Slice(head, middle, tail) => {
            match &cx.typeck_results().node_type(pat.hir_id).kind() {
                rustc_ty::Slice(..) => {
                    // [..] is the only irrefutable slice pattern.
                    !head.is_empty() || middle.is_none() || !tail.is_empty()
                },
                rustc_ty::Array(..) => are_refutable(cx, head.iter().chain(middle).chain(tail.iter())),
                _ => {
                    // unreachable!()
                    true
                },
            }
        },
    }
}

/// If the pattern is an `or` pattern, call the function once for each sub pattern. Otherwise, call
/// the function once on the given pattern.
pub fn recurse_or_patterns<'tcx, F: FnMut(&'tcx Pat<'tcx>)>(pat: &'tcx Pat<'tcx>, mut f: F) {
    if let PatKind::Or(pats) = pat.kind {
        pats.iter().for_each(f);
    } else {
        f(pat);
    }
}

/// Checks for the `#[automatically_derived]` attribute all `#[derive]`d
/// implementations have.
pub fn is_automatically_derived(attrs: &[ast::Attribute]) -> bool {
    has_attr(attrs, sym::automatically_derived)
}

pub fn is_self(slf: &Param<'_>) -> bool {
    if let PatKind::Binding(.., name, _) = slf.pat.kind {
        name.name == kw::SelfLower
    } else {
        false
    }
}

pub fn is_self_ty(slf: &hir::Ty<'_>) -> bool {
    if let TyKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(None, path)) = slf.kind {
        if let Res::SelfTy(..) = path.res {
            return true;
        }
    }
    false
}

pub fn iter_input_pats<'tcx>(decl: &FnDecl<'_>, body: &'tcx Body<'_>) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'tcx Param<'tcx>> {
    (0..decl.inputs.len()).map(move |i| &body.params[i])
}

/// Checks if a given expression is a match expression expanded from the `?`
/// operator or the `try` macro.
pub fn is_try<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    fn is_ok(cx: &LateContext<'_>, arm: &Arm<'_>) -> bool {
        if_chain! {
            if let PatKind::TupleStruct(ref path, pat, None) = arm.pat.kind;
            if is_lang_ctor(cx, path, ResultOk);
            if let PatKind::Binding(_, hir_id, _, None) = pat[0].kind;
            if path_to_local_id(arm.body, hir_id);
            then {
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    fn is_err(cx: &LateContext<'_>, arm: &Arm<'_>) -> bool {
        if let PatKind::TupleStruct(ref path, _, _) = arm.pat.kind {
            is_lang_ctor(cx, path, ResultErr)
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    if let ExprKind::Match(_, arms, ref source) = expr.kind {
        // desugared from a `?` operator
        if *source == MatchSource::TryDesugar {
            return Some(expr);
        }

        if_chain! {
            if arms.len() == 2;
            if arms[0].guard.is_none();
            if arms[1].guard.is_none();
            if (is_ok(cx, &arms[0]) && is_err(cx, &arms[1])) || (is_ok(cx, &arms[1]) && is_err(cx, &arms[0]));
            then {
                return Some(expr);
            }
        }
    }

    None
}

/// Returns `true` if the lint is allowed in the current context
///
/// Useful for skipping long running code when it's unnecessary
pub fn is_lint_allowed(cx: &LateContext<'_>, lint: &'static Lint, id: HirId) -> bool {
    cx.tcx.lint_level_at_node(lint, id).0 == Level::Allow
}

pub fn strip_pat_refs<'hir>(mut pat: &'hir Pat<'hir>) -> &'hir Pat<'hir> {
    while let PatKind::Ref(subpat, _) = pat.kind {
        pat = subpat;
    }
    pat
}

pub fn int_bits(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, ity: rustc_ty::IntTy) -> u64 {
    Integer::from_int_ty(&tcx, ity).size().bits()
}

#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
/// Turn a constant int byte representation into an i128
pub fn sext(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, u: u128, ity: rustc_ty::IntTy) -> i128 {
    let amt = 128 - int_bits(tcx, ity);
    ((u as i128) << amt) >> amt
}

#[allow(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
/// clip unused bytes
pub fn unsext(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, u: i128, ity: rustc_ty::IntTy) -> u128 {
    let amt = 128 - int_bits(tcx, ity);
    ((u as u128) << amt) >> amt
}

/// clip unused bytes
pub fn clip(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, u: u128, ity: rustc_ty::UintTy) -> u128 {
    let bits = Integer::from_uint_ty(&tcx, ity).size().bits();
    let amt = 128 - bits;
    (u << amt) >> amt
}

pub fn has_attr(attrs: &[ast::Attribute], symbol: Symbol) -> bool {
    attrs.iter().any(|attr| attr.has_name(symbol))
}

pub fn any_parent_has_attr(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, node: HirId, symbol: Symbol) -> bool {
    let map = &tcx.hir();
    let mut prev_enclosing_node = None;
    let mut enclosing_node = node;
    while Some(enclosing_node) != prev_enclosing_node {
        if has_attr(map.attrs(enclosing_node), symbol) {
            return true;
        }
        prev_enclosing_node = Some(enclosing_node);
        enclosing_node = map.local_def_id_to_hir_id(map.get_parent_item(enclosing_node));
    }

    false
}

pub fn any_parent_is_automatically_derived(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, node: HirId) -> bool {
    any_parent_has_attr(tcx, node, sym::automatically_derived)
}

/// Matches a function call with the given path and returns the arguments.
///
/// Usage:
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// if let Some(args) = match_function_call(cx, cmp_max_call, &paths::CMP_MAX);
/// ```
pub fn match_function_call<'tcx>(
    cx: &LateContext<'tcx>,
    expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>,
    path: &[&str],
) -> Option<&'tcx [Expr<'tcx>]> {
    if_chain! {
        if let ExprKind::Call(fun, args) = expr.kind;
        if let ExprKind::Path(ref qpath) = fun.kind;
        if let Some(fun_def_id) = cx.qpath_res(qpath, fun.hir_id).opt_def_id();
        if match_def_path(cx, fun_def_id, path);
        then {
            return Some(args);
        }
    };
    None
}

/// Checks if the given `DefId` matches any of the paths. Returns the index of matching path, if
/// any.
///
/// Please use `tcx.get_diagnostic_name` if the targets are all diagnostic items.
pub fn match_any_def_paths(cx: &LateContext<'_>, did: DefId, paths: &[&[&str]]) -> Option<usize> {
    let search_path = cx.get_def_path(did);
    paths
        .iter()
        .position(|p| p.iter().map(|x| Symbol::intern(x)).eq(search_path.iter().copied()))
}

/// Checks if the given `DefId` matches the path.
pub fn match_def_path<'tcx>(cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, did: DefId, syms: &[&str]) -> bool {
    // We should probably move to Symbols in Clippy as well rather than interning every time.
    let path = cx.get_def_path(did);
    syms.iter().map(|x| Symbol::intern(x)).eq(path.iter().copied())
}

/// Checks if the given `DefId` matches the `libc` item.
pub fn match_libc_symbol(cx: &LateContext<'_>, did: DefId, name: &str) -> bool {
    let path = cx.get_def_path(did);
    // libc is meant to be used as a flat list of names, but they're all actually defined in different
    // modules based on the target platform. Ignore everything but crate name and the item name.
    path.first().map_or(false, |s| s.as_str() == "libc") && path.last().map_or(false, |s| s.as_str() == name)
}

/// Returns the list of condition expressions and the list of blocks in a
/// sequence of `if/else`.
/// E.g., this returns `([a, b], [c, d, e])` for the expression
/// `if a { c } else if b { d } else { e }`.
pub fn if_sequence<'tcx>(mut expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>) -> (Vec<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>>, Vec<&'tcx Block<'tcx>>) {
    let mut conds = Vec::new();
    let mut blocks: Vec<&Block<'_>> = Vec::new();

    while let Some(higher::IfOrIfLet { cond, then, r#else }) = higher::IfOrIfLet::hir(expr) {
        conds.push(&*cond);
        if let ExprKind::Block(block, _) = then.kind {
            blocks.push(block);
        } else {
            panic!("ExprKind::If node is not an ExprKind::Block");
        }

        if let Some(else_expr) = r#else {
            expr = else_expr;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    // final `else {..}`
    if !blocks.is_empty() {
        if let ExprKind::Block(block, _) = expr.kind {
            blocks.push(block);
        }
    }

    (conds, blocks)
}

/// Checks if the given function kind is an async function.
pub fn is_async_fn(kind: FnKind<'_>) -> bool {
    matches!(kind, FnKind::ItemFn(_, _, header, _) if header.asyncness == IsAsync::Async)
}

/// Peels away all the compiler generated code surrounding the body of an async function,
pub fn get_async_fn_body<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, body: &Body<'_>) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>> {
    if let ExprKind::Call(
        _,
        &[
            Expr {
                kind: ExprKind::Closure(_, _, body, _, _),
                ..
            },
        ],
    ) = body.value.kind
    {
        if let ExprKind::Block(
            Block {
                stmts: [],
                expr:
                    Some(Expr {
                        kind: ExprKind::DropTemps(expr),
                        ..
                    }),
                ..
            },
            _,
        ) = tcx.hir().body(body).value.kind
        {
            return Some(expr);
        }
    };
    None
}

// Finds the `#[must_use]` attribute, if any
pub fn must_use_attr(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Option<&Attribute> {
    attrs.iter().find(|a| a.has_name(sym::must_use))
}

// check if expr is calling method or function with #[must_use] attribute
pub fn is_must_use_func_call(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    let did = match expr.kind {
        ExprKind::Call(path, _) => if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::Path(ref qpath) = path.kind;
            if let def::Res::Def(_, did) = cx.qpath_res(qpath, path.hir_id);
            then {
                Some(did)
            } else {
                None
            }
        },
        ExprKind::MethodCall(..) => cx.typeck_results().type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id),
        _ => None,
    };

    did.map_or(false, |did| must_use_attr(cx.tcx.get_attrs(did)).is_some())
}

/// Checks if an expression represents the identity function
/// Only examines closures and `std::convert::identity`
pub fn is_expr_identity_function(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    /// Checks if a function's body represents the identity function. Looks for bodies of the form:
    /// * `|x| x`
    /// * `|x| return x`
    /// * `|x| { return x }`
    /// * `|x| { return x; }`
    fn is_body_identity_function(cx: &LateContext<'_>, func: &Body<'_>) -> bool {
        let id = if_chain! {
            if let [param] = func.params;
            if let PatKind::Binding(_, id, _, _) = param.pat.kind;
            then {
                id
            } else {
                return false;
            }
        };

        let mut expr = &func.value;
        loop {
            match expr.kind {
                #[rustfmt::skip]
                ExprKind::Block(&Block { stmts: [], expr: Some(e), .. }, _, )
                | ExprKind::Ret(Some(e)) => expr = e,
                #[rustfmt::skip]
                ExprKind::Block(&Block { stmts: [stmt], expr: None, .. }, _) => {
                    if_chain! {
                        if let StmtKind::Semi(e) | StmtKind::Expr(e) = stmt.kind;
                        if let ExprKind::Ret(Some(ret_val)) = e.kind;
                        then {
                            expr = ret_val;
                        } else {
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                },
                _ => return path_to_local_id(expr, id) && cx.typeck_results().expr_adjustments(expr).is_empty(),
            }
        }
    }

    match expr.kind {
        ExprKind::Closure(_, _, body_id, _, _) => is_body_identity_function(cx, cx.tcx.hir().body(body_id)),
        _ => path_def_id(cx, expr).map_or(false, |id| match_def_path(cx, id, &paths::CONVERT_IDENTITY)),
    }
}

/// Gets the node where an expression is either used, or it's type is unified with another branch.
/// Returns both the node and the `HirId` of the closest child node.
pub fn get_expr_use_or_unification_node<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<(Node<'tcx>, HirId)> {
    let mut child_id = expr.hir_id;
    let mut iter = tcx.hir().parent_iter(child_id);
    loop {
        match iter.next() {
            None => break None,
            Some((id, Node::Block(_))) => child_id = id,
            Some((id, Node::Arm(arm))) if arm.body.hir_id == child_id => child_id = id,
            Some((_, Node::Expr(expr))) => match expr.kind {
                ExprKind::Match(_, [arm], _) if arm.hir_id == child_id => child_id = expr.hir_id,
                ExprKind::Block(..) | ExprKind::DropTemps(_) => child_id = expr.hir_id,
                ExprKind::If(_, then_expr, None) if then_expr.hir_id == child_id => break None,
                _ => break Some((Node::Expr(expr), child_id)),
            },
            Some((_, node)) => break Some((node, child_id)),
        }
    }
}

/// Checks if the result of an expression is used, or it's type is unified with another branch.
pub fn is_expr_used_or_unified(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    !matches!(
        get_expr_use_or_unification_node(tcx, expr),
        None | Some((
            Node::Stmt(Stmt {
                kind: StmtKind::Expr(_)
                    | StmtKind::Semi(_)
                    | StmtKind::Local(Local {
                        pat: Pat {
                            kind: PatKind::Wild,
                            ..
                        },
                        ..
                    }),
                ..
            }),
            _
        ))
    )
}

/// Checks if the expression is the final expression returned from a block.
pub fn is_expr_final_block_expr(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    matches!(get_parent_node(tcx, expr.hir_id), Some(Node::Block(..)))
}

pub fn std_or_core(cx: &LateContext<'_>) -> Option<&'static str> {
    if !is_no_std_crate(cx) {
        Some("std")
    } else if !is_no_core_crate(cx) {
        Some("core")
    } else {
        None
    }
}

pub fn is_no_std_crate(cx: &LateContext<'_>) -> bool {
    cx.tcx.hir().attrs(hir::CRATE_HIR_ID).iter().any(|attr| {
        if let ast::AttrKind::Normal(ref attr, _) = attr.kind {
            attr.path == sym::no_std
        } else {
            false
        }
    })
}

pub fn is_no_core_crate(cx: &LateContext<'_>) -> bool {
    cx.tcx.hir().attrs(hir::CRATE_HIR_ID).iter().any(|attr| {
        if let ast::AttrKind::Normal(ref attr, _) = attr.kind {
            attr.path == sym::no_core
        } else {
            false
        }
    })
}

/// Check if parent of a hir node is a trait implementation block.
/// For example, `f` in
/// ```rust
/// # struct S;
/// # trait Trait { fn f(); }
/// impl Trait for S {
///     fn f() {}
/// }
/// ```
pub fn is_trait_impl_item(cx: &LateContext<'_>, hir_id: HirId) -> bool {
    if let Some(Node::Item(item)) = cx.tcx.hir().find(cx.tcx.hir().get_parent_node(hir_id)) {
        matches!(item.kind, ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { of_trait: Some(_), .. }))
    } else {
        false
    }
}

/// Check if it's even possible to satisfy the `where` clause for the item.
///
/// `trivial_bounds` feature allows functions with unsatisfiable bounds, for example:
///
/// ```ignore
/// fn foo() where i32: Iterator {
///     for _ in 2i32 {}
/// }
/// ```
pub fn fn_has_unsatisfiable_preds(cx: &LateContext<'_>, did: DefId) -> bool {
    use rustc_trait_selection::traits;
    let predicates = cx
        .tcx
        .predicates_of(did)
        .predicates
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|(p, _)| if p.is_global() { Some(*p) } else { None });
    traits::impossible_predicates(
        cx.tcx,
        traits::elaborate_predicates(cx.tcx, predicates)
            .map(|o| o.predicate)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
    )
}

/// Returns the `DefId` of the callee if the given expression is a function or method call.
pub fn fn_def_id(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<DefId> {
    match &expr.kind {
        ExprKind::MethodCall(..) => cx.typeck_results().type_dependent_def_id(expr.hir_id),
        ExprKind::Call(
            Expr {
                kind: ExprKind::Path(qpath),
                hir_id: path_hir_id,
                ..
            },
            ..,
        ) => cx.typeck_results().qpath_res(qpath, *path_hir_id).opt_def_id(),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Returns Option<String> where String is a textual representation of the type encapsulated in the
/// slice iff the given expression is a slice of primitives (as defined in the
/// `is_recursively_primitive_type` function) and None otherwise.
pub fn is_slice_of_primitives(cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) -> Option<String> {
    let expr_type = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty_adjusted(expr);
    let expr_kind = expr_type.kind();
    let is_primitive = match expr_kind {
        rustc_ty::Slice(element_type) => is_recursively_primitive_type(element_type),
        rustc_ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, _) if matches!(inner_ty.kind(), &rustc_ty::Slice(_)) => {
            if let rustc_ty::Slice(element_type) = inner_ty.kind() {
                is_recursively_primitive_type(element_type)
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        },
        _ => false,
    };

    if is_primitive {
        // if we have wrappers like Array, Slice or Tuple, print these
        // and get the type enclosed in the slice ref
        match expr_type.peel_refs().walk().nth(1).unwrap().expect_ty().kind() {
            rustc_ty::Slice(..) => return Some("slice".into()),
            rustc_ty::Array(..) => return Some("array".into()),
            rustc_ty::Tuple(..) => return Some("tuple".into()),
            _ => {
                // is_recursively_primitive_type() should have taken care
                // of the rest and we can rely on the type that is found
                let refs_peeled = expr_type.peel_refs();
                return Some(refs_peeled.walk().last().unwrap().to_string());
            },
        }
    }
    None
}

/// returns list of all pairs (a, b) from `exprs` such that `eq(a, b)`
/// `hash` must be comformed with `eq`
pub fn search_same<T, Hash, Eq>(exprs: &[T], hash: Hash, eq: Eq) -> Vec<(&T, &T)>
where
    Hash: Fn(&T) -> u64,
    Eq: Fn(&T, &T) -> bool,
{
    match exprs {
        [a, b] if eq(a, b) => return vec![(a, b)],
        _ if exprs.len() <= 2 => return vec![],
        _ => {},
    }

    let mut match_expr_list: Vec<(&T, &T)> = Vec::new();

    let mut map: UnhashMap<u64, Vec<&_>> =
        UnhashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(exprs.len(), BuildHasherDefault::default());

    for expr in exprs {
        match map.entry(hash(expr)) {
            Entry::Occupied(mut o) => {
                for o in o.get() {
                    if eq(o, expr) {
                        match_expr_list.push((o, expr));
                    }
                }
                o.get_mut().push(expr);
            },
            Entry::Vacant(v) => {
                v.insert(vec![expr]);
            },
        }
    }

    match_expr_list
}

/// Peels off all references on the pattern. Returns the underlying pattern and the number of
/// references removed.
pub fn peel_hir_pat_refs<'a>(pat: &'a Pat<'a>) -> (&'a Pat<'a>, usize) {
    fn peel<'a>(pat: &'a Pat<'a>, count: usize) -> (&'a Pat<'a>, usize) {
        if let PatKind::Ref(pat, _) = pat.kind {
            peel(pat, count + 1)
        } else {
            (pat, count)
        }
    }
    peel(pat, 0)
}

/// Peels of expressions while the given closure returns `Some`.
pub fn peel_hir_expr_while<'tcx>(
    mut expr: &'tcx Expr<'tcx>,
    mut f: impl FnMut(&'tcx Expr<'tcx>) -> Option<&'tcx Expr<'tcx>>,
) -> &'tcx Expr<'tcx> {
    while let Some(e) = f(expr) {
        expr = e;
    }
    expr
}

/// Peels off up to the given number of references on the expression. Returns the underlying
/// expression and the number of references removed.
pub fn peel_n_hir_expr_refs<'a>(expr: &'a Expr<'a>, count: usize) -> (&'a Expr<'a>, usize) {
    let mut remaining = count;
    let e = peel_hir_expr_while(expr, |e| match e.kind {
        ExprKind::AddrOf(ast::BorrowKind::Ref, _, e) if remaining != 0 => {
            remaining -= 1;
            Some(e)
        },
        _ => None,
    });
    (e, count - remaining)
}

/// Peels off all references on the expression. Returns the underlying expression and the number of
/// references removed.
pub fn peel_hir_expr_refs<'a>(expr: &'a Expr<'a>) -> (&'a Expr<'a>, usize) {
    let mut count = 0;
    let e = peel_hir_expr_while(expr, |e| match e.kind {
        ExprKind::AddrOf(ast::BorrowKind::Ref, _, e) => {
            count += 1;
            Some(e)
        },
        _ => None,
    });
    (e, count)
}

/// Removes `AddrOf` operators (`&`) or deref operators (`*`), but only if a reference type is
/// dereferenced. An overloaded deref such as `Vec` to slice would not be removed.
pub fn peel_ref_operators<'hir>(cx: &LateContext<'_>, mut expr: &'hir Expr<'hir>) -> &'hir Expr<'hir> {
    loop {
        match expr.kind {
            ExprKind::AddrOf(_, _, e) => expr = e,
            ExprKind::Unary(UnOp::Deref, e) if cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(e).is_ref() => expr = e,
            _ => break,
        }
    }
    expr
}

#[macro_export]
macro_rules! unwrap_cargo_metadata {
    ($cx: ident, $lint: ident, $deps: expr) => {{
        let mut command = cargo_metadata::MetadataCommand::new();
        if !$deps {
            command.no_deps();
        }

        match command.exec() {
            Ok(metadata) => metadata,
            Err(err) => {
                span_lint($cx, $lint, DUMMY_SP, &format!("could not read cargo metadata: {}", err));
                return;
            },
        }
    }};
}

pub fn is_hir_ty_cfg_dependant(cx: &LateContext<'_>, ty: &hir::Ty<'_>) -> bool {
    if let TyKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(_, path)) = ty.kind {
        if let Res::Def(_, def_id) = path.res {
            return cx.tcx.has_attr(def_id, sym::cfg) || cx.tcx.has_attr(def_id, sym::cfg_attr);
        }
    }
    false
}

struct TestItemNamesVisitor<'tcx> {
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    names: Vec<Symbol>,
}

impl<'hir> ItemLikeVisitor<'hir> for TestItemNamesVisitor<'hir> {
    fn visit_item(&mut self, item: &Item<'_>) {
        if let ItemKind::Const(ty, _body) = item.kind {
            if let TyKind::Path(QPath::Resolved(_, path)) = ty.kind {
                // We could also check for the type name `test::TestDescAndFn`
                if let Res::Def(DefKind::Struct, _) = path.res {
                    let has_test_marker = self
                        .tcx
                        .hir()
                        .attrs(item.hir_id())
                        .iter()
                        .any(|a| a.has_name(sym::rustc_test_marker));
                    if has_test_marker {
                        self.names.push(item.ident.name);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    fn visit_trait_item(&mut self, _: &TraitItem<'_>) {}
    fn visit_impl_item(&mut self, _: &ImplItem<'_>) {}
    fn visit_foreign_item(&mut self, _: &ForeignItem<'_>) {}
}

static TEST_ITEM_NAMES_CACHE: SyncOnceCell<Mutex<FxHashMap<LocalDefId, Vec<Symbol>>>> = SyncOnceCell::new();

fn with_test_item_names<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, module: LocalDefId, f: impl Fn(&[Symbol]) -> bool) -> bool {
    let cache = TEST_ITEM_NAMES_CACHE.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(FxHashMap::default()));
    let mut map: MutexGuard<'_, FxHashMap<LocalDefId, Vec<Symbol>>> = cache.lock().unwrap();
    match map.entry(module) {
        Entry::Occupied(entry) => f(entry.get()),
        Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
            let mut visitor = TestItemNamesVisitor { tcx, names: Vec::new() };
            tcx.hir().visit_item_likes_in_module(module, &mut visitor);
            visitor.names.sort_unstable();
            f(&*entry.insert(visitor.names))
        },
    }
}

/// Checks if the function containing the given `HirId` is a `#[test]` function
///
/// Note: Add `// compile-flags: --test` to UI tests with a `#[test]` function
pub fn is_in_test_function(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, id: hir::HirId) -> bool {
    with_test_item_names(tcx, tcx.parent_module(id), |names| {
        tcx.hir()
            .parent_iter(id)
            // Since you can nest functions we need to collect all until we leave
            // function scope
            .any(|(_id, node)| {
                if let Node::Item(item) = node {
                    if let ItemKind::Fn(_, _, _) = item.kind {
                        // Note that we have sorted the item names in the visitor,
                        // so the binary_search gets the same as `contains`, but faster.
                        return names.binary_search(&item.ident.name).is_ok();
                    }
                }
                false
            })
    })
}

/// Checks whether item either has `test` attribute applied, or
/// is a module with `test` in its name.
///
/// Note: Add `// compile-flags: --test` to UI tests with a `#[test]` function
pub fn is_test_module_or_function(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, item: &Item<'_>) -> bool {
    is_in_test_function(tcx, item.hir_id())
        || matches!(item.kind, ItemKind::Mod(..))
            && item.ident.name.as_str().split('_').any(|a| a == "test" || a == "tests")
}

macro_rules! op_utils {
    ($($name:ident $assign:ident)*) => {
        /// Binary operation traits like `LangItem::Add`
        pub static BINOP_TRAITS: &[LangItem] = &[$(LangItem::$name,)*];

        /// Operator-Assign traits like `LangItem::AddAssign`
        pub static OP_ASSIGN_TRAITS: &[LangItem] = &[$(LangItem::$assign,)*];

        /// Converts `BinOpKind::Add` to `(LangItem::Add, LangItem::AddAssign)`, for example
        pub fn binop_traits(kind: hir::BinOpKind) -> Option<(LangItem, LangItem)> {
            match kind {
                $(hir::BinOpKind::$name => Some((LangItem::$name, LangItem::$assign)),)*
                _ => None,
            }
        }
    };
}

op_utils! {
    Add    AddAssign
    Sub    SubAssign
    Mul    MulAssign
    Div    DivAssign
    Rem    RemAssign
    BitXor BitXorAssign
    BitAnd BitAndAssign
    BitOr  BitOrAssign
    Shl    ShlAssign
    Shr    ShrAssign
}