buku/buku

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Bookmark management utility
#
# Copyright (C) 2015 Arun Prakash Jana <engineerarun@gmail.com>
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with buku.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

import sys
import os
import sqlite3
import argparse
import readline
import webbrowser
import html.parser as HTMLParser
from http.client import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection
from urllib.parse import urljoin, quote, unquote
import gzip
import io
import signal

# Import libraries needed for encryption
try:
    import getpass
    import hashlib
    from Crypto.Cipher import AES
    from Crypto import Random
    import struct

    no_crypto = False
    BLOCKSIZE = 65536
    SALT_SIZE = 32
    CHUNKSIZE = 0x80000 # Read/write 512 KB chunks
except ImportError:
    no_crypto = True


# Globals
update = False          # Update a bookmark in DB
tagManual = None        # Tags for update command
titleManual = None      # Manually add a title offline
description = None      # Description of the bookmark
tagsearch = False       # Search bookmarks by tag
titleData = None        # Title fetched from a page
jsonOutput = False      # Output json formatted result
showOpt = 0             # Modify show. 1: show only URL, 2: show URL and tag
debug = False           # Enable debug logs
pipeargs = []           # Holds arguments piped to the program
_VERSION_ = 2.0         # Program version


class BMHTMLParser(HTMLParser.HTMLParser):
    """Class to parse and fetch the title from a HTML page, if available"""

    def __init__(self):
        HTMLParser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)
        self.inTitle = False
        self.data = ""
        self.lasttag = None

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        self.inTitle = False
        if tag == "title":
            self.inTitle = True
            self.lasttag = tag

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        global titleData

        if tag == "title":
            self.inTitle = False
            if self.data != "":
                titleData = self.data
                self.reset() # We have received title data, exit parsing

    def handle_data(self, data):
        if self.lasttag == "title" and self.inTitle == True:
            self.data += data

    def error(self, message):
        pass


def getDataPath():
    """Determine the DB file path:
    if $XDG_DATA_HOME is defined, use it
    else if $HOME exists, use it
    else use the current directory
    """

    data_home = os.environ.get('XDG_DATA_HOME')
    if data_home is None:
        if os.environ.get('HOME') is None:
            data_home = '.'
        else:
            data_home = os.path.join(os.environ.get('HOME'), '.local', 'share')

    return os.path.join(data_home, 'buku')


def moveOldDatabase():
    """Move database file from earlier path used in versions <= 1.8
    to new path. Errors out if both the old and new DB files exist.
    """

    olddbpath = os.path.join(os.environ.get('HOME'), '.cache', 'buku')
    olddbfile = os.path.join(olddbpath, 'bookmarks.db')

    if not os.path.exists(olddbfile):
        return

    newdbpath = getDataPath()
    newdbfile = os.path.join(newdbpath, 'bookmarks.db')

    if os.path.exists(newdbfile):
        print("Both old (%s) and new (%s) databases exist, need manual action" % (olddbfile, newdbfile))
        sys.exit(1)

    if not os.path.exists(newdbpath):
        os.makedirs(newdbpath)

    os.rename(olddbfile, newdbfile)
    print("Database was moved from old (%s) to new (%s) location.\n" % (olddbfile, newdbfile))

    os.rmdir(olddbpath)


def initdb():
    """Initialize the database connection. Create DB file and/or bookmarks table
    if they don't exist. Alert on encryption options on first execution.

    Returns: connection, cursor
    """

    dbpath = getDataPath()
    if not os.path.exists(dbpath):
        os.makedirs(dbpath)

    dbfile = os.path.join(dbpath, 'bookmarks.db')

    encpath = os.path.join(dbpath, 'bookmarks.db.enc')
    # Notify if DB file needs to be decrypted first
    if os.path.exists(encpath) and not os.path.exists(dbfile):
        print("Unlock database first")
        sys.exit(1)

    # Show info on first creation
    if no_crypto == False and not os.path.exists(dbfile):
        print("DB file is being created. You may want to encrypt it later.")

    try:
        # Create a connection
        conn = sqlite3.connect(dbfile)
        cur = conn.cursor()

        # Create table if it doesn't exist
        cur.execute('''CREATE TABLE if not exists bookmarks \
                   (id integer PRIMARY KEY, URL text NOT NULL UNIQUE, metadata text default \'\', tags text default \',\', desc text default \'\')''')
        conn.commit()
    except Exception as e:
        print("\x1b[1mEXCEPTION\x1b[21m [initdb]: (%s) %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
        sys.exit(1)

    # Add description column in existing DB (from version 2.1)
    try:
        cur.execute("""ALTER TABLE bookmarks ADD COLUMN desc text default \'\'""")
        conn.commit()
    except:
        pass

    return (conn, cur)


def getPageResp(url, fullurl=False):
    """Connect to a server and fetch the requested page data.
    Supports gzip compression.

    Params: URL to fetch, redirection status
    Returns: connection, HTTP(S) GET response
    """

    if url.find("%20") != -1:
        url = unquote(url).replace(" ", "%20")
    else:
        url = unquote(url)

    if debug:
        print("unquoted: %s" % url)

    if url.find("https://") >= 0: # Secure connection
        server = url[8:]
        marker = server.find("/")
        if marker > 0:
            if fullurl == False:
                url = server[marker:]
            server = server[:marker]
        urlconn = HTTPSConnection(server, timeout=30)
    elif url.find("http://") >= 0: # Insecure connection
        server = url[7:]
        marker = server.find("/")
        if marker > 0:
            if fullurl == False:
                url = server[marker:]
            server = server[:marker]
        urlconn = HTTPConnection(server, timeout=30)
    else:
        printmsg("Not a valid HTTP(S) url", "WARNING")
        if url.find(":") == -1:
            printmsg("Doesn't appear to be a valid url either", "WARNING")
        return (None, None)

    if debug:
        print("server [%s] url [%s]" % (server, url))

    # Handle URLs passed with %xx escape
    try:
        url.encode('ascii')
    except:
        url = quote(url)

    urlconn.request("GET", url, None, {
        "Accept-encoding": "gzip",
    })
    return (urlconn, urlconn.getresponse())


def getTitleData(resp):
    """Invoke HTML parser and extract title from HTTP response

    Params: GET response
    """

    data = None
    charset = resp.headers.get_content_charset()

    if resp.headers.get('Content-Encoding') == 'gzip':
        if debug:
            print("gzip response")
        data = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=io.BytesIO(resp.read())).read()
    else:
        data = resp.read()

    if charset == None:
        charset = 'utf-8'
        if debug:
            printmsg("Charset missing in response", "WARNING")

    if debug:
        print("charset: %s" % charset)

    parser = BMHTMLParser()
    try:
        if charset == 'utf-8':
            parser.feed(data.decode(charset, "replace"))
        else:
            parser.feed(data.decode(charset))
    except Exception as e:
        if debug and str(e) != "we should not get here!":
            # Suppress Exception due to intentional self.reset() in HTMLParser
            print("\x1b[1mEXCEPTION\x1b[21m [getTitleData]: (%s) %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))


def fetchTitle(url):
    """Handle server connection and redirections

    Params: URL to fetch
    Returns: page title or empty string, if not found
    """

    global titleData
    titleData = None
    urlconn = None
    retry = False

    try:
        urlconn, resp = getPageResp(url, False)

        while 1:
            if resp is None:
                break
            elif resp.status == 200:
                getTitleData(resp)
                break
            elif resp.status in [301, 302]:
                redirurl = urljoin(url, resp.getheader('location', ''))
                printmsg(redirurl, "REDIRECTION")

                if redirurl.find("sorry/IndexRedirect?") >= 0:          # gracefully handle Google blocks
                    printmsg("Connection blocked due to unusual activity", "ERROR")
                    break

                marker = redirurl.find("redirectUrl=")
                if marker != -1:
                    redirurl = redirurl[marker + 12:]

                # break same URL redirection loop
                if url == redirurl:
                    printmsg("Detected repeated redirection to same URL", "ERROR")
                    break

                url = redirurl
                urlconn.close()
                # Try with complete URL on redirection
                urlconn, resp = getPageResp(url, True)
            elif resp.status == 500 and retry == False:
                """Retry on status 500 (Internal Server Error) with truncated
                URL. Some servers support truncated request URL on redirection.
                """
                urlconn.close()
                if debug:
                    print("Received status 500: retrying.")
                urlconn, resp = getPageResp(url, False)
                retry = True
            else:
                printmsg(("[" + str(resp.status) + "] " + resp.reason), "ERROR")
                break
    except Exception as e:
        print("\x1b[1mEXCEPTION\x1b[21m [fetchTitle]: (%s) %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
    finally:
        if urlconn is not None:
            urlconn.close()
        if titleData is None:
            return ''
        return titleData.strip().replace("\n","")


def isBookmarkAdded(cur, url):
    """Check if URL already exists in DB

    Params: cursor, URL to search
    Returns: DB index if URL found, else -1
    """

    cur.execute("SELECT id FROM bookmarks WHERE URL = ?", (url,))
    resultset = cur.fetchall()
    if len(resultset) == 0:
        return -1

    return resultset[0][0]


def getTags(keywords=[]):
    """Format and get tag string from tokens"""
    # TODO: Simplify this logic

    tags = ','
    origTags = []
    uniqueTags = []

    # Cleanse and get the tags
    for tag in keywords:
        if tag[0] == ',':                   # delimiter precedes token (e.g. token1 ,token2)
            if tags[-1] != ',':
                tags += ','

        if tag[-1] == ',':                  # if delimiter is present, maintain it (e.g. token1, token2)
            tag = tag.strip(',') + ','
        else:                               # a token in a multi-word tag (e.g. token1 token2)
            tag = tag.strip(',')

        if tag == ',':                      # isolated delimiter (e.g. token1 , token2)
            if tags[-1] != ',':
                tags += tag
            continue

        if tags[-1] == ',':
            tags += tag
        else:
            tags += ' ' + tag

    if tags[-1] != ',':
        tags += ','

    origTags.extend(tags.strip(',').split(','))
    for tag in origTags:
        if tag not in uniqueTags:
            uniqueTags.append(tag)          # Select unique tags

    # Sort the tags
    sortedTags = sorted(uniqueTags, key=str.lower)

    return ',' + ','.join(sortedTags) + ','


def AddInsertEntry(conn, cur, keywords, insertindex=0):
    """Add a new bookmark or insert a
    new record at insertindex (if empty)

    Params: connection, cursor, keywords, index to update, index to insert at
    """

    global titleManual
    global description
    tags = ','
    meta = ''
    url = keywords[0]

    # Ensure that the URL does not exist in DB already
    id = isBookmarkAdded(cur, url)
    if id != -1:
        print("URL already exists at index %d" % id)
        return

    if tagManual is not None and tagManual[0] != ',':
        keywords = keywords + [','] + tagManual

    if len(keywords) > 1:
        tags = getTags(keywords[1:])

    if titleManual is not None:
        meta = titleManual
    else:
        meta = fetchTitle(url)
        if meta == '':
            print("\x1B[91mTitle: []\x1B[0m")
        else:
            print("Title: [%s]" % meta)

    if description is None:
        description = ''

    try:
        if insertindex == 0: # insertindex is index number to insert record at
            cur.execute('INSERT INTO bookmarks(URL, metadata, tags, desc) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)', (url, meta, tags, description))
        else:
            cur.execute('INSERT INTO bookmarks(id, URL, metadata, tags, desc) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)', (insertindex, url, meta, tags, description))
        conn.commit()
        print("Added at index %d\n" % cur.lastrowid)
        printdb(cur, cur.lastrowid)
    except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
        for row in cur.execute("SELECT id from bookmarks where URL LIKE ?", (url,)):
            print("URL already exists at index %s" % row[0])
            return

        # Print error for index existing case
        print("Index %d exists" % insertindex)


def UpdateEntry(conn, cur, keywords, updateindex, insertindex=0):
    """Add a new bookmark or update an existing record at
    updateindex or insert a new record at insertindex (if empty)

    Params: connection, cursor, keywords, index to update, index to insert at
    """

    global titleManual
    global description
    tags = ','
    meta = ''
    url = keywords[0]

    """In case of an add or insert operation ensure
    that the URL does not exist in DB already
    """
    if updateindex == 0:
        id = isBookmarkAdded(cur, url)
        if id != -1:
            print("URL already exists at index %d" % id)
            return

    # Cleanse and get the tags
    if len(keywords) > 1:
        for tag in keywords[1:]:
            if tag[-1] == ',':
                tag = tag.strip(',') + ','      # if delimiter is present, maintain it
            else:
                tag = tag.strip(',')            # a token in a multi-word tag

            if tag == ',':
                continue

            if tags[-1] == ',':
                tags += tag
            else:
                tags += ' ' + tag

    if tags[-1] != ',':
        tags += ','

    if titleManual is not None:
        meta = titleManual
    else:
        meta = fetchTitle(url)
        if meta == '':
            print("\x1B[91mTitle: []\x1B[0m")
        else:
            print("Title: [%s]" % meta)

    if updateindex == 0: # Add or insert a new entry
        if description is None:
            description = ''

        try:
            if insertindex == 0: # insertindex is index number to insert record at
                cur.execute('INSERT INTO bookmarks(URL, metadata, tags, desc) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)', (url, meta, tags, description))
            else:
                cur.execute('INSERT INTO bookmarks(id, URL, metadata, tags, desc) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)', (insertindex, url, meta, tags, description))
            conn.commit()
            print("Added at index %d\n" % cur.lastrowid)
            printdb(cur, cur.lastrowid)
        except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
            for row in cur.execute("SELECT id from bookmarks where URL LIKE ?", (url,)):
                print("URL already exists at index %s" % row[0])
                return

            print("Index %d exists" % insertindex)
    else: # Update an existing entry
        try:
            if description is None:
                cur.execute("UPDATE bookmarks SET URL = ?, metadata = ?, tags = ? WHERE id = ?", (url, meta, tags, updateindex,))
            else:
                cur.execute("UPDATE bookmarks SET URL = ?, metadata = ?, tags = ?, desc = ? WHERE id = ?", (url, meta, tags, description, updateindex,))
            conn.commit()
            if cur.rowcount == 1:
                print("Updated index %d\n" % updateindex)
                printdb(cur, updateindex)
            else:
                print("No matching index")
        except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
            print("URL already exists")


def dbRefresh(conn, cur, index):
    """Refresh ALL records in the database. Fetch title for each
    bookmark from the web and update the records. Doesn't udpate
    the record if title is empty.
    This API doesn't change DB index, URL or tags of a bookmark.

    Params: connection, cursor
    """

    global titleManual

    if index == 0:
        cur.execute("SELECT id, url FROM bookmarks ORDER BY id ASC")
    else:
        cur.execute("SELECT id, url FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?", (index,))

    resultset = cur.fetchall()
    if titleManual is None:
        for row in resultset:
            title = fetchTitle(row[1])
            if title == '':
                print("\x1B[91mTitle: []")
                print("\x1b[1mNOT updating index %d\x1b[21m\x1B[0m\n" % row[0])
                continue
            else:
                print("Title: [%s]" % title)

            cur.execute("UPDATE bookmarks SET metadata = ? WHERE id = ?", (title, row[0],))
            conn.commit()
            print("Updated index %d\n" % row[0])
    else:
        title = titleManual

        for row in resultset:
            cur.execute("UPDATE bookmarks SET metadata = ? WHERE id = ?", (title, row[0],))
            conn.commit()
            print("Updated index %d\n" % row[0])


def searchdb(cur, keywords, all_keywords=False):
    """Search the database for an entries with tags or URL
    or title info matching keywords and list those.

    Params: cursor, keywords to search, search any or all keywords
    """

    global jsonOutput
    arguments = []
    placeholder = "'%' || ? || '%'"
    query = "SELECT id, url, metadata, tags, desc FROM bookmarks WHERE"

    if all_keywords == True: # Match all keywords in URL or Title
        for token in keywords:
            query += " (tags LIKE (%s) OR URL LIKE (%s) OR metadata LIKE (%s) OR desc LIKE (%s)) AND" % (placeholder, placeholder, placeholder, placeholder)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
        query = query[:-4]
    else: # Match any keyword in URL or Title
        for token in keywords:
            query += " tags LIKE (%s) OR URL LIKE (%s) OR metadata LIKE (%s) OR desc LIKE (%s) OR" % (placeholder, placeholder, placeholder, placeholder)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
            arguments.append(token)
        query = query[:-3]

    if debug:
        print("\"%s\", (%s)" % (query, arguments))

    cur.execute(query, arguments)
    results = cur.fetchall()
    if len(results) == 0:
        return

    if jsonOutput == False:
        showPrompt(results)
    else:
        print(formatJson(results))


def searchTag(cur, tag):
    """Search and list bookmarks with a tag

    Params: cursor, tag to search
    """

    global jsonOutput
    cur.execute("SELECT id, url, metadata, tags, desc FROM bookmarks WHERE tags LIKE '%' || ? || '%'", (tag,))
    results = cur.fetchall()
    if len(results) == 0:
        return

    if jsonOutput == False:
        showPrompt(results)
    else:
        print(formatJson(results))

def compactDB(conn, cur, index):
    """When an entry at index is deleted, move the last
    entry in DB to index, if index is lesser.

    Params: connection, cursor, index of deleted entry
    """

    cur.execute('SELECT MAX(id) from bookmarks')
    results = cur.fetchall()
    if len(results) == 1 and results[0][0] is None: # Return if the last index was just deleted
        return

    for row in results:
        if row[0] > index:
            cur.execute('SELECT id, URL, metadata, tags, desc FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?', (row[0],))
            results = cur.fetchall()
            for row in results:
                cur.execute('DELETE FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?', (row[0],))
                conn.commit()
                cur.execute('INSERT INTO bookmarks(id, URL, metadata, tags, desc) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)', (index, row[1], row[2], row[3], row[4],))
                conn.commit()
                print("Index %d moved to %d" % (row[0], index))


def cleardb(conn, cur, index):
    """Delete a single record or remove the table if index is None

    Params: connection, cursor, index to delete
    """

    if index == 0: # Remove the table
        resp = input("ALL bookmarks will be removed. Enter \x1b[1my\x1b[21m to confirm: ")
        if resp != 'y':
            print("No bookmarks deleted")
            return

        cur.execute('DROP TABLE if exists bookmarks')
        conn.commit()
        print("All bookmarks deleted")
    else: # Remove a single entry
        try:
            cur.execute('DELETE FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?', (index,))
            conn.commit()
            if cur.rowcount == 1:
                print("Removed index %d" % index)
                compactDB(conn, cur, index)
            else:
                print("No matching index")
        except IndexError:
            print("Index out of bound")


def showPrompt(results):
    """Show each matching result from a search"""

    count = 0
    for row in results:
        count += 1
        printRecord(row, count)

    while True:
        try:
            nav = input("Result number to open: ")
        except EOFError:
            return

        if is_int(nav):
            index = int(nav) - 1
            if index < 0 or index >= count:
                print("Index out of bound")
                continue

            try:
                browser_open(unquote(results[index][1]))
            except Exception as e:
                print("\x1b[1mEXCEPTION\x1b[21m [searchdb]: (%s) %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
        else:
            break


def printRecord(row, count=0):
    """Print a single DB record
    Handles differently for search and print (count = 0)
    """

    # Print index and URL
    if count != 0:
        print("\x1B[1m\x1B[93m%d. \x1B[0m\x1B[92m%s\x1B[0m\t[%d]" % (count, row[1], row[0]))
    else:
        print("\x1B[1m\x1B[93m%d. \x1B[0m\x1B[92m%s\x1B[0m" % (row[0], row[1]))

    # Print title
    if row[2] != '':
        print("   \x1B[91m>\x1B[0m %s" % row[2])

    # Print description
    if row[4] != '':
        print("   \x1B[91m+\x1B[0m %s" % row[4])

    # Print tags
    if row[3] != ',':
        print("   \x1B[91m#\x1B[0m %s" % row[3][1:-1])

    print("")


def printdb(cur, index, empty=False):
    """Print bookmark details at index or all bookmarks if index is None
    Print only bookmarks with blank title or tag if empty is True
    Note: URL is printed on top because title may be blank

    Params: cursor, index to print, flag to show only bookmarks with no title or tags
    """

    global showOpt
    global jsonOutput

    resultset = None
    if index == 0: # Show all entries
        if empty == False:
            cur.execute('SELECT * FROM bookmarks')
            resultset = cur.fetchall()
        else:
            cur.execute("SELECT * FROM bookmarks WHERE metadata = '' OR tags = ','")
            resultset = cur.fetchall()
            print("\x1b[1m%d records found\x1b[21m\n" % len(resultset))

        if jsonOutput == False:
            if showOpt == 0:
                for row in resultset:
                    printRecord(row)
            elif showOpt == 1:
                for row in resultset:
                    print("%s %s" % (row[0], row[1]))
            elif showOpt == 2:
                for row in resultset:
                    print("%s %s        %s" % (row[0], row[1], row[3][1:-1]))

        else:
            print(formatJson(resultset))
    else: # Show record at index
        try:
            resultset = cur.execute("SELECT * FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?", (index,))
        except IndexError:
            print("Index out of bound")
            return

        if jsonOutput == False:
            for row in resultset:
                printRecord(row)
                return
            print("No matching index")
        else:
            print(formatJson(resultset, True))


def formatJson(resultset, single=False):
    """Return results in Json format"""

    global showOpt

    if single == False:
        marks = []
        for row in resultset:
            if showOpt == 1:
                record = { 'url': row[1] }
            elif showOpt == 2:
                record = { 'url': row[1], 'tags': row[3][1:-1] }
            else:
                record = { 'url': row[1], 'title': row[2], 'comment': row[4], 'tags': row[3][1:-1]}

            marks.append(record)
    else:
        marks = {}
        for row in resultset:
            if showOpt == 1:
                marks['url'] = row[1]
            elif showOpt == 2:
                marks['title'] = row[2]
                marks['tags']  = row[3][1:-1]
            else:
                marks['url']   = row[1]
                marks['title'] = row[2]
                marks['comment'] = row[4]
                marks['tags']  = row[3][1:-1]

    return json.dumps(marks, sort_keys=True, indent=4)


def showUniqueTags(cur):
    """Print all unique tags ordered alphabetically

    Params: cursor
    """

    count = 1
    Tags = []
    uniqueTags = []
    for row in cur.execute('SELECT DISTINCT tags FROM bookmarks'):
        if row[0] == ',':
            continue

        Tags.extend(row[0].strip(',').split(','))

    for tag in Tags:
        if tag not in uniqueTags:
            uniqueTags.append(tag)

    Tags = sorted(uniqueTags, key=str.lower)
    for tag in Tags:
        print("%6d. %s" % (count, tag))
        count += 1


def replaceTag(conn, cur, orig, new=None):
    """Replace orig tags with new tags in DB for all records.
    Remove orig tag is new tag is empty.

    Params: connection, cursor, original and new tags
    """

    update = False
    delete = False
    newtags = ','

    orig = ',' + orig + ','
    if new is None:
        delete = True
    else:
        for tag in new:
            if tag[-1] == ',':
                tag = tag.strip(',') + ','      # if delimiter is present, maintain it
            else:
                tag = tag.strip(',')            # a token in a multi-word tag

            if tag == ',':
                continue

            if newtags[-1] == ',':
                newtags += tag
            else:
                newtags += ' ' + tag

        if newtags[-1] != ',':
            newtags += ','

        if newtags == ',':
            delete = True

    if orig == newtags:
        print("Tags are same.")
        return

    cur.execute("SELECT id, tags FROM bookmarks WHERE tags LIKE ?", ('%' + orig + '%',))
    results = cur.fetchall()

    for row in results:
        if delete == False:
            # Check if tag newtags is already added
            if row[1].find(newtags) >= 0:
                newtags = ','

        newtags = row[1].replace(orig, newtags)
        cur.execute("UPDATE bookmarks SET tags = ? WHERE id = ?", (newtags, row[0],))
        print("Updated index %d" % row[0])
        update = True

    if update:
        conn.commit()


def fetchopen(index):
    """Fetch URL at index and open in browser

    Params: index
    """

    try:
        for row in cur.execute("SELECT URL FROM bookmarks WHERE id = ?", (index,)):
            url = unquote(row[0])
            browser_open(url)
            return
        print("No matching index")
    except IndexError:
            print("Index out of bound")


def is_int(string):
    """Check if a string is a digit

    Params: string
    """

    try:
        int(string)
        return True
    except:
        return False


def browser_open(url):
    """Duplicate stdin, stdout (to suppress showing errors
    on the terminal) and open URL in default browser

    Params: url to open
    """

    url = url.replace("%22", "\"")

    _stderr = os.dup(2)
    os.close(2)
    _stdout = os.dup(1)
    os.close(1)
    fd = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR)
    os.dup2(fd, 2)
    os.dup2(fd, 1)
    try:
        webbrowser.open(url)
    except Exception as e:
        print("\x1b[1mEXCEPTION\x1b[21m [browser_open]: (%s) %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
    finally:
        os.close(fd)
        os.dup2(_stderr, 2)
        os.dup2(_stdout, 1)


def get_filehash(filepath):
    """Get the SHA256 hash of a file

    Params: path to the file
    """

    with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
        hasher = hashlib.sha256()
        buf = f.read(BLOCKSIZE)
        while len(buf) > 0:
            hasher.update(buf)
            buf = f.read(BLOCKSIZE)

        return hasher.digest()


def encrypt_file(iterations):
    """Encrypt the bookmarks database file"""

    dbpath = os.path.join(getDataPath(), 'bookmarks.db')
    encpath = dbpath + '.enc'
    if not os.path.exists(dbpath):
        print("%s missing. Already encrypted?" % dbpath)
        sys.exit(1)

    # If both encrypted file and flat file exist, error out
    if os.path.exists(dbpath) and os.path.exists(encpath):
        printmsg("Both encrypted and flat DB files exist!", "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)

    password = ''
    password = getpass.getpass()
    passconfirm = getpass.getpass()
    if password == '':
        print("Empty password");
        sys.exit(1)
    if password != passconfirm:
        print("Passwords don't match");
        sys.exit(1)

    # Get SHA256 hash of DB file
    dbhash = get_filehash(dbpath)

    # Generate random 256-bit salt and key
    salt = Random.get_random_bytes(SALT_SIZE)
    key = (password + salt.decode('utf-8', "replace")).encode('utf-8')
    for i in range(iterations):
        key = hashlib.sha256(key).digest()

    iv = Random.get_random_bytes(16)
    cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)
    filesize = os.path.getsize(dbpath)

    with open(dbpath, 'rb') as infile:
        with open(encpath, 'wb') as outfile:
            outfile.write(struct.pack('<Q', filesize))
            outfile.write(salt)
            outfile.write(iv)

            # Embed DB file hash in encrypted file
            outfile.write(dbhash)

            while True:
                chunk = infile.read(CHUNKSIZE)
                if len(chunk) == 0:
                    break
                elif len(chunk) % 16 != 0:
                    chunk += ' ' * (16 - len(chunk) % 16)

                outfile.write(cipher.encrypt(chunk))

    os.remove(dbpath)
    print("File encrypted")
    sys.exit(0)


def decrypt_file(iterations):
    """Decrypt the bookmarks database file"""

    dbpath = os.path.join(getDataPath(), 'bookmarks.db')
    encpath = dbpath + '.enc'
    if not os.path.exists(encpath):
        printmsg((encpath + " missing"), "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)

    # If both encrypted file and flat file exist, error out
    if os.path.exists(dbpath) and os.path.exists(encpath):
        printmsg("Both encrypted and flat DB files exist!", "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)

    password = ''
    password = getpass.getpass()
    if password == '':
        printmsg("Decryption failed", "ERROR");
        sys.exit(1)

    with open(encpath, 'rb') as infile:
        origsize = struct.unpack('<Q', infile.read(struct.calcsize('Q')))[0]

        # Read 256-bit salt and generate key
        salt = infile.read(32)
        key = (password + salt.decode('utf-8', "replace")).encode('utf-8')
        for i in range(iterations):
            key = hashlib.sha256(key).digest()

        iv = infile.read(16)
        cipher = AES.new(key, AES.MODE_CBC, iv)

        # Get original DB file's SHA256 hash from encrypted file
        enchash = infile.read(32)

        with open(dbpath, 'wb') as outfile:
            while True:
                chunk = infile.read(CHUNKSIZE)
                if len(chunk) == 0:
                    break;

                outfile.write(cipher.decrypt(chunk))

            outfile.truncate(origsize)

    # Match hash of generated file with that of original DB file
    dbhash = get_filehash(dbpath)
    if dbhash != enchash:
        os.remove(dbpath)
        printmsg("Decryption failed", "ERROR");
        sys.exit(1)
    else:
        os.remove(encpath)
        print("File decrypted")


def sigint_handler(signum, frame):
    """Custom SIGINT handler"""

    print('\nInterrupted.', file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)

signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigint_handler)


def closequit(conn=None, exitval=0):
    """Close a DB connection and exit"""

    if conn is not None:
        conn.close()
    sys.exit(exitval)


def printmsg(msg, level=None):
    """Print a message in 2 parts, with the level in bold

    Params: msg, level
    """

    if level is not None:
        print("\x1b[1m%s: \x1b[21m%s\x1B[0m" % (level, msg))
    else:
        print("%s" % msg)


class customUpdateAction(argparse.Action):
    """Class to capture if optional param 'update'
    is actually used, even if sans arguments
    """

    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        global update

        update = True
        # NOTE: the following converts a None argument to an empty array []
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)


class customTagAction(argparse.Action):
    """Class to capture if optional param 'tag'
    is actually used, even if sans arguments
    """

    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        global tagManual

        tagManual = [',',]
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)


class customTitleAction(argparse.Action):
    """Class to capture if optional param 'title'
    is actually used, even if sans arguments
    """

    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        global titleManual

        titleManual = ''
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)


class customDescAction(argparse.Action):
    """Class to capture if optional param 'comment'
    is actually used, even if sans arguments
    """

    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        global description

        description = ''
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)


class customTagSearchAction(argparse.Action):
    """Class to capture if optional param 'stag'
    is actually used, even if sans arguments
    """

    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        global tagsearch

        tagsearch = True
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)


class ExtendedArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
    """Extend classic argument parser"""

    # Print additional help and info
    @staticmethod
    def print_extended_help(file=None):
        file.write('''
prompt keys:
  1-N                  open the Nth search result in web browser
  Enter                exit buku

Version %.1f
Copyright (C) 2015-2016 Arun Prakash Jana <engineerarun@gmail.com>
License: GPLv3
Webpage: https://github.com/jarun/buku
''' % _VERSION_)

    # Help
    def print_help(self, file=None):
        super(ExtendedArgumentParser, self).print_help(file)
        self.print_extended_help(file)


"""main starts here"""

# Handle piped input
def main(argv = sys.argv):
    if not sys.stdin.isatty():
        pipeargs.extend(sys.argv)
        for s in sys.stdin.readlines():
            pipeargs.extend(s.split())

if __name__ == "__main__":
    try:
        main(sys.argv)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass

# If piped input, set argument vector
if len(pipeargs) > 0:
    sys.argv = pipeargs

# Setup custom argument parser
argparser = ExtendedArgumentParser(
    description='A private command-line bookmark manager. Your mini web!',
    formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter,
    usage='''buku [-a URL [tags ...]] [-u [N]] [-d [N]]
            [--url keyword] [--tag [...]] [-t [...]] [-c [...]]
            [-s keyword [...]] [-S keyword [...]] [--st [...]]
            [-k [N]] [-l [N]] [-p [N]] [-f N]
            [-r oldtag [newtag ...]] [-j] [-o N] [-z] [-h]''',
    add_help=False
)

# General options
general_group = argparser.add_argument_group(title="general options",
    description='''-a, --add URL [tags ...]
                     bookmark URL with comma-separated tags
-u, --update [N]
                     update fields of bookmark at DB index N
                     refresh all titles, if no arguments
                     refresh title of bookmark at N, if only
                     N is specified
-d, --delete [N]     delete bookmark at DB index N
                     delete all bookmarks, if no arguments
--url keyword        specify url, works with -u
--tag [...]          specify comma-separated tags, works with -u
                     clears tag, if no arguments
-t, --title [...]    manually set title, works with -a, -u
                     do not set or clear title, if no arguments
-c, --comment [...]  description of the bookmark, works with
                     -a, -u; clears comment, if no arguments
-h, --help           show this information''')
general_group.add_argument('-a', '--add', nargs='+', dest='addurl', metavar=('URL', 'tags'), help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('-u', '--update', nargs='*', dest='update', action=customUpdateAction, metavar=('N', 'URL tags'), help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('-d', '--delete', nargs='?', dest='delete', type=int, const=0, metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('--url', nargs=1, dest='url', metavar='url', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('--tag', nargs='*', dest='tag', action=customTagAction, metavar='tag', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('-t', '--title', nargs='*', dest='title', action=customTitleAction, metavar='title', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('-c', '--comment', nargs='*', dest='desc', type=str, action=customDescAction, metavar='desc', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
general_group.add_argument('-h', '--help', dest='help', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

# Search options
search_group=argparser.add_argument_group(title="search options",
    description='''-s, --sany keyword [...]
                     search bookmarks for ANY matching keyword
-S, --sall keyword [...]
                     search bookmarks with ALL keywords
                     special keyword -
                     "blank": list entries with empty title/tag
--st, --stag [...]   search bookmarks by tag
                     list all tags alphabetically, if no arguments''')
search_group.add_argument('-s', '--sany', nargs='+', metavar='keyword', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
search_group.add_argument('-S', '--sall', nargs='+', metavar='keyword', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
search_group.add_argument('--st', '--stag', nargs='*', dest='stag', action=customTagSearchAction, metavar='keyword', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

# Encryption options
crypto_group=argparser.add_argument_group(title="encryption options",
    description='''-l, --lock [N]       encrypt DB file with N (> 0, default 8)
                     hash iterations to generate key
-k, --unlock [N]     decrypt DB file with N (> 0, default 8)
                     hash iterations to generate key''')
crypto_group.add_argument('-k', '--unlock', nargs='?', dest='decrypt', type=int, const=8, metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
crypto_group.add_argument('-l', '--lock', nargs='?', dest='encrypt', type=int, const=8, metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

# Power toys
power_group=argparser.add_argument_group(title="power toys",
    description='''-p, --print [N]      show details of bookmark at DB index N
                     show all bookmarks, if no arguments
-f, --format N       modify -p output
                     N=1: show only URL, N=2: show URL and tag
-r, --replace oldtag [newtag ...]
                     replace oldtag with newtag in all bookmarks
                     delete oldtag, if no newtag
-j, --json           Json formatted output, for -p, -s, -S, --st
-o, --open N         open bookmark at DB index N in web browser
-z, --debug          show debug information and additional logs''')
power_group.add_argument('-p', '--print', nargs='?', dest='printindex', type=int, const=0, metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
power_group.add_argument('-f', '--format', dest='showOpt', type=int, choices=[1, 2], metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
power_group.add_argument('-r', '--replace', nargs='+', dest='replace', metavar=('oldtag', 'newtag'), help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
power_group.add_argument('-j', '--json', dest='jsonOutput', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
power_group.add_argument('-o', '--open', dest='openurl', type=int, metavar='N', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
power_group.add_argument('-z', '--debug', dest='debug', action='store_true', help=argparse.SUPPRESS)

"""
# NOTE: Insert is functional but commented because DB compaction serves the purpose.
addarg = argparser.add_argument
addarg('-i', '--insert', nargs='+', dest='insert', metavar=('N', 'URL tags'),
       help=" insert new bookmark with URL and tags at free DB index N; frees index if URL and tags are omitted")
"""

# Show help and exit if no arguments
if len(sys.argv) < 2:
    argparser.print_help(sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)

# Parse the arguments
args = argparser.parse_args()

# Show help and exit if help requested
if args.help == True:
    argparser.print_help(sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(0)

# Assign the values to globals
if args.showOpt is not None:
    showOpt = args.showOpt
if tagManual is not None and len(args.tag) > 0:
    tagManual = args.tag
if titleManual is not None and len(args.title) > 0:
    titleManual = " ".join(args.title)
if description is not None and len(args.desc) > 0:
    description = " ".join(args.desc)
if args.jsonOutput:
    import json
    jsonOutput = args.jsonOutput
debug = args.debug

# Show version in debug logs
if debug:
    print("Version %.1f" % _VERSION_)

# Move pre-1.9 database to new location
moveOldDatabase()

# Handle encrypt/decrypt options at top priority
if args.encrypt is not None:
    if no_crypto:
        printmsg("PyCrypto missing", "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)
    if args.encrypt < 1:
        printmsg("Iterations must be >= 1", "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)
    encrypt_file(args.encrypt)

if args.decrypt is not None:
    if no_crypto:
        printmsg("PyCrypto missing", "ERROR")
        sys.exit(1)
    if args.decrypt < 1:
        printmsg("Decryption failed", "ERROR");
        sys.exit(1)
    decrypt_file(args.decrypt)

# Initialize the database and get handles
conn, cur = initdb()

# Add a record
if args.addurl is not None:
    AddInsertEntry(conn, cur, args.addurl)

# Delete record(s)
if args.delete is not None:
    if args.delete < 0:
        printmsg("Index must be >= 0", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    cleardb(conn, cur, args.delete)

# Search URLs, titles, tags for any keyword
if args.sany is not None:
    searchdb(cur, args.sany)

# Search URLs, titles, tags with all keywords
if args.sall is not None:
    if args.sall[0] == 'blank' and len(args.sall) == 1:
        printdb(cur, 0, True)
    else:
        searchdb(cur, args.sall, True)

# Search bookmarks by tag
if tagsearch == True:
    if len(args.stag) > 0:
        tag = ',' + " ".join(args.stag) + ','
        searchTag(cur, tag)
    else:
        showUniqueTags(cur)

# Update record
if update == True:
    if len(args.update) == 0:
        dbRefresh(conn, cur, 0)
    elif not args.update[0].isdigit():
        printmsg("Index must be a number >= 0", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    elif int(args.update[0]) == 0:
        dbRefresh(conn, cur, 0)
    elif len(args.update) == 1:
        printmsg("At least URL should be provided for non-zero index", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    else:
        UpdateEntry(conn, cur, args.update[1:], int(args.update[0]))

# Print all records
if args.printindex is not None:
    if args.printindex < 0:
        printmsg("Index must be >= 0", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    printdb(cur, args.printindex)

# Replace a tag in DB
if args.replace is not None:
    if len(args.replace) == 1:
        replaceTag(conn, cur, args.replace[0])
    else:
        replaceTag(conn, cur, args.replace[0], args.replace[1:])

# Open URL in browser
if args.openurl is not None:
    if args.openurl < 1:
        printmsg("Index must be >= 1", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    fetchopen(args.openurl)

"""
# NOTE: Insert is functional but commented because DB compaction serves the purpose.
# Insert a record at an index
if args.insert is not None:
    if not args.insert[0].isdigit():
        printmsg("Index must be a number >= 1", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    insertindex = int(args.insert[0])
    if insertindex < 1:
        printmsg("Index must be a number >= 1", "ERROR")
        closequit(conn, 1)
    if len(args.insert) == 1:
        pass # No operation
    else:
        AddInsertEntry(conn, cur, args.insert[1:], insertindex)
"""

# Close the connection before exiting
conn.close()