ast: Avoid aborts on fatal errors thrown from mutable AST visitor
Set the node to some dummy value and rethrow the error instead.
When using the old aborting `visit_clobber` in `InvocationCollector::visit_crate` the next tests abort due to fatal errors:
```
ui\modules\path-invalid-form.rs
ui\modules\path-macro.rs
ui\modules\path-no-file-name.rs
ui\parser\issues\issue-5806.rs
ui\parser\mod_file_with_path_attr.rs
```
Follow up to https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/91313.
b9f7197ab3