Improve rebuilding behaviour of BinaryHeap::retain.
This changes `BinaryHeap::retain` such that it doesn't always fully rebuild the heap, but only rebuilds the parts for which that's necessary.
This makes use of the fact that retain gives out `&T`s and not `&mut T`s.
Retaining every element or removing only elements at the end results in no rebuilding at all. Retaining most elements results in only reordering the elements that got moved (those after the first removed element), using the same logic as was already used for `append`.
cc `@KodrAus` `@sfackler` - We briefly discussed this possibility in the meeting last week while we talked about stabilization of this function (#71503).
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