ast_lowering: Introduce `lower_span` for catching all spans entering HIR
This PR cherry-picks the `fn lower_span` change from https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/84373.
I also introduced `fn lower_ident` for lowering spans in identifiers, and audited places where HIR structures with spans or identifiers are constructed and added a few missing `lower_span`s/`lower_ident`s.
Having a hook for spans entering HIR can be useful for things other than https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/84373, e.g. https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/35148.
I also want to check whether this change causes perf regressions due to some accidental inlining issues.
r? `@cjgillot`
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