rustc_passes/src/entry.rs: De-duplicate more code with `fn throw_attr_err()`
So we can more easily re-use the code for other attributes later. More specifically [`#[unix_sigpipe]`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/97802). This refactoring is covered by this test:
8aab472d52/src/test/ui/feature-gates/issue-43106-gating-of-builtin-attrs-error.rs (L120)
(Well, only `#[start]`, but the code for `#[rustc_main]` is identical.)