Fix type resolution of associated const equality bounds (take 2)
Instead of trying to re-resolve the type of assoc const bindings inside the `type_of` query impl in an incomplete manner, transfer the already (correctly) resolved type from `add_predicates_for_ast_type_binding` to `type_of`/`anon_type_of` through query feeding.
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Together with #118668 (merged) and #121258, this supersedes #118360.
Fixes#118040.
r? ``@ghost``
a4503390ba