Refactor the code in the `convert_while_ascii` helper function to make
it more suitable for auto-vectorization and also process the full ascii
prefix of the string. The generic case conversion logic will only be
invoked starting from the first non-ascii character.
The runtime on microbenchmarks with ascii-only inputs improves between
1.5x for short and 4x for long inputs on x86_64 and aarch64.
The new implementation also encapsulates all unsafe inside the
`convert_while_ascii` function.
Fixes#123712
e393f56d37