rust/library/std/src/error.rs
2020-10-08 00:40:10 -04:00

740 lines
22 KiB
Rust

//! Traits for working with Errors.
#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
// A note about crates and the facade:
//
// Originally, the `Error` trait was defined in libcore, and the impls
// were scattered about. However, coherence objected to this
// arrangement, because to create the blanket impls for `Box` required
// knowing that `&str: !Error`, and we have no means to deal with that
// sort of conflict just now. Therefore, for the time being, we have
// moved the `Error` trait into libstd. As we evolve a sol'n to the
// coherence challenge (e.g., specialization, neg impls, etc) we can
// reconsider what crate these items belong in.
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;
use core::array;
use core::convert::Infallible;
use crate::alloc::{AllocError, LayoutError};
use crate::any::TypeId;
use crate::backtrace::Backtrace;
use crate::borrow::Cow;
use crate::cell;
use crate::char;
use crate::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
use crate::mem::transmute;
use crate::num;
use crate::str;
use crate::string;
/// `Error` is a trait representing the basic expectations for error values,
/// i.e., values of type `E` in [`Result<T, E>`]. Errors must describe
/// themselves through the [`Display`] and [`Debug`] traits, and may provide
/// cause chain information:
///
/// [`Error::source()`] is generally used when errors cross
/// "abstraction boundaries". If one module must report an error that is caused
/// by an error from a lower-level module, it can allow accessing that error
/// via [`Error::source()`]. This makes it possible for the high-level
/// module to provide its own errors while also revealing some of the
/// implementation for debugging via `source` chains.
///
/// [`Result<T, E>`]: Result
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub trait Error: Debug + Display {
/// The lower-level source of this error, if any.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct SuperError {
/// side: SuperErrorSideKick,
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for SuperError {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "SuperError is here!")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for SuperError {
/// fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
/// Some(&self.side)
/// }
/// }
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct SuperErrorSideKick;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for SuperErrorSideKick {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "SuperErrorSideKick is here!")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for SuperErrorSideKick {}
///
/// fn get_super_error() -> Result<(), SuperError> {
/// Err(SuperError { side: SuperErrorSideKick })
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
/// match get_super_error() {
/// Err(e) => {
/// println!("Error: {}", e);
/// println!("Caused by: {}", e.source().unwrap());
/// }
/// _ => println!("No error"),
/// }
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "error_source", since = "1.30.0")]
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
None
}
/// Gets the `TypeId` of `self`.
#[doc(hidden)]
#[unstable(
feature = "error_type_id",
reason = "this is memory-unsafe to override in user code",
issue = "60784"
)]
fn type_id(&self, _: private::Internal) -> TypeId
where
Self: 'static,
{
TypeId::of::<Self>()
}
/// Returns a stack backtrace, if available, of where this error occurred.
///
/// This function allows inspecting the location, in code, of where an error
/// happened. The returned `Backtrace` contains information about the stack
/// trace of the OS thread of execution of where the error originated from.
///
/// Note that not all errors contain a `Backtrace`. Also note that a
/// `Backtrace` may actually be empty. For more information consult the
/// `Backtrace` type itself.
#[unstable(feature = "backtrace", issue = "53487")]
fn backtrace(&self) -> Option<&Backtrace> {
None
}
/// ```
/// if let Err(e) = "xc".parse::<u32>() {
/// // Print `e` itself, no need for description().
/// eprintln!("Error: {}", e);
/// }
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[rustc_deprecated(since = "1.42.0", reason = "use the Display impl or to_string()")]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"description() is deprecated; use Display"
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[rustc_deprecated(
since = "1.33.0",
reason = "replaced by Error::source, which can support downcasting"
)]
#[allow(missing_docs)]
fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
self.source()
}
}
mod private {
// This is a hack to prevent `type_id` from being overridden by `Error`
// implementations, since that can enable unsound downcasting.
#[unstable(feature = "error_type_id", issue = "60784")]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Internal;
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
/// Converts a type of [`Error`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct AnError;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f , "An error")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for AnError {}
///
/// let an_error = AnError;
/// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
Box::new(err)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a type of [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`] into a box of
/// dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct AnError;
///
/// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f , "An error")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for AnError {}
///
/// unsafe impl Send for AnError {}
///
/// unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}
///
/// let an_error = AnError;
/// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
Box::new(err)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
/// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
struct StringError(String);
impl Error for StringError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
&self.0
}
}
impl Display for StringError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
// Purposefully skip printing "StringError(..)"
impl Debug for StringError {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
}
}
Box::new(StringError(err))
}
}
#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error> {
let err1: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = From::from(str_err);
let err2: Box<dyn Error> = err1;
err2
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// [`str`]: prim@str
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_str_error = "a str error";
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
#[inline]
fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// [`str`]: prim@str
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
///
/// let a_str_error = "a str error";
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
/// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
/// use std::borrow::Cow;
///
/// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
/// assert!(
/// mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error> {
/// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::mem;
/// use std::borrow::Cow;
///
/// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
/// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
/// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
/// ```
fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error> {
From::from(String::from(err))
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "never_type", issue = "35121")]
impl Error for ! {}
#[unstable(
feature = "allocator_api",
reason = "the precise API and guarantees it provides may be tweaked.",
issue = "32838"
)]
impl Error for AllocError {}
#[stable(feature = "alloc_layout", since = "1.28.0")]
impl Error for LayoutError {}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for str::ParseBoolError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"failed to parse bool"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for str::Utf8Error {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"invalid utf-8: corrupt contents"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for num::ParseIntError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
self.__description()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
impl Error for num::TryFromIntError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
self.__description()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
impl Error for array::TryFromSliceError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
self.__description()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for num::ParseFloatError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
self.__description()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for string::FromUtf8Error {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"invalid utf-8"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl Error for string::FromUtf16Error {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"invalid utf-16"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "str_parse_error2", since = "1.8.0")]
impl Error for Infallible {
fn description(&self) -> &str {
match *self {}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "decode_utf16", since = "1.9.0")]
impl Error for char::DecodeUtf16Error {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"unpaired surrogate found"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "box_error", since = "1.8.0")]
impl<T: Error> Error for Box<T> {
#[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
Error::description(&**self)
}
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
Error::cause(&**self)
}
fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
Error::source(&**self)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "fmt_error", since = "1.11.0")]
impl Error for fmt::Error {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"an error occurred when formatting an argument"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "try_borrow", since = "1.13.0")]
impl Error for cell::BorrowError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"already mutably borrowed"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "try_borrow", since = "1.13.0")]
impl Error for cell::BorrowMutError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"already borrowed"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "try_from", since = "1.34.0")]
impl Error for char::CharTryFromError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
"converted integer out of range for `char`"
}
}
#[stable(feature = "char_from_str", since = "1.20.0")]
impl Error for char::ParseCharError {
#[allow(deprecated)]
fn description(&self) -> &str {
self.__description()
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "try_reserve", reason = "new API", issue = "48043")]
impl Error for alloc::collections::TryReserveError {}
// Copied from `any.rs`.
impl dyn Error + 'static {
/// Returns `true` if the boxed type is the same as `T`
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
// Get `TypeId` of the type this function is instantiated with.
let t = TypeId::of::<T>();
// Get `TypeId` of the type in the trait object.
let boxed = self.type_id(private::Internal);
// Compare both `TypeId`s on equality.
t == boxed
}
/// Returns some reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
/// `None` if it isn't.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
if self.is::<T>() {
unsafe { Some(&*(self as *const dyn Error as *const T)) }
} else {
None
}
}
/// Returns some mutable reference to the boxed value if it is of type `T`, or
/// `None` if it isn't.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
if self.is::<T>() {
unsafe { Some(&mut *(self as *mut dyn Error as *mut T)) }
} else {
None
}
}
}
impl dyn Error + 'static + Send {
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
<dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
}
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
<dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
}
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
<dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
}
}
impl dyn Error + 'static + Send + Sync {
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn is<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> bool {
<dyn Error + 'static>::is::<T>(self)
}
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_ref<T: Error + 'static>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
<dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_ref::<T>(self)
}
/// Forwards to the method defined on the type `dyn Error`.
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
#[inline]
pub fn downcast_mut<T: Error + 'static>(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
<dyn Error + 'static>::downcast_mut::<T>(self)
}
}
impl dyn Error {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>> {
if self.is::<T>() {
unsafe {
let raw: *mut dyn Error = Box::into_raw(self);
Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
}
} else {
Err(self)
}
}
/// Returns an iterator starting with the current error and continuing with
/// recursively calling [`Error::source`].
///
/// If you want to omit the current error and only use its sources,
/// use `skip(1)`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(error_iter)]
/// use std::error::Error;
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct A;
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct B(Option<Box<dyn Error + 'static>>);
///
/// impl fmt::Display for A {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "A")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl fmt::Display for B {
/// fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
/// write!(f, "B")
/// }
/// }
///
/// impl Error for A {}
///
/// impl Error for B {
/// fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
/// self.0.as_ref().map(|e| e.as_ref())
/// }
/// }
///
/// let b = B(Some(Box::new(A)));
///
/// // let err : Box<Error> = b.into(); // or
/// let err = &b as &(dyn Error);
///
/// let mut iter = err.chain();
///
/// assert_eq!("B".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
/// assert_eq!("A".to_string(), iter.next().unwrap().to_string());
/// assert!(iter.next().is_none());
/// assert!(iter.next().is_none());
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
#[inline]
pub fn chain(&self) -> Chain<'_> {
Chain { current: Some(self) }
}
}
/// An iterator over an [`Error`] and its sources.
///
/// If you want to omit the initial error and only process
/// its sources, use `skip(1)`.
#[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Chain<'a> {
current: Option<&'a (dyn Error + 'static)>,
}
#[unstable(feature = "error_iter", issue = "58520")]
impl<'a> Iterator for Chain<'a> {
type Item = &'a (dyn Error + 'static);
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
let current = self.current;
self.current = self.current.and_then(Error::source);
current
}
}
impl dyn Error + Send {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>> {
let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
<dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
// Reapply the `Send` marker.
transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>(s)
})
}
}
impl dyn Error + Send + Sync {
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
/// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Self>> {
let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
<dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
// Reapply the `Send + Sync` marker.
transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>(s)
})
}
}