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rust/library/core/src/option.rs
bors 83f08223a9 Auto merge of #87196 - oxalica:option-insert-must-use, r=joshtriplett 
Mark `Option::insert` as must_use

Some people seems misled by the function name and use it in case where a simple assignment just works.
If the return value is not used, `option = Some(value);` should be preferred instead of `option.insert(value);`
2021-07-19 07:03:36 +00:00

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//! Optional values.
//!
//! Type [`Option`] represents an optional value: every [`Option`]
//! is either [`Some`] and contains a value, or [`None`], and
//! does not. [`Option`] types are very common in Rust code, as
//! they have a number of uses:
//!
//! * Initial values
//! * Return values for functions that are not defined
//! over their entire input range (partial functions)
//! * Return value for otherwise reporting simple errors, where [`None`] is
//! returned on error
//! * Optional struct fields
//! * Struct fields that can be loaned or "taken"
//! * Optional function arguments
//! * Nullable pointers
//! * Swapping things out of difficult situations
//!
//! [`Option`]s are commonly paired with pattern matching to query the presence
//! of a value and take action, always accounting for the [`None`] case.
//!
//! ```
//! fn divide(numerator: f64, denominator: f64) -> Option<f64> {
//! if denominator == 0.0 {
//! None
//! } else {
//! Some(numerator / denominator)
//! }
//! }
//!
//! // The return value of the function is an option
//! let result = divide(2.0, 3.0);
//!
//! // Pattern match to retrieve the value
//! match result {
//! // The division was valid
//! Some(x) => println!("Result: {}", x),
//! // The division was invalid
//! None => println!("Cannot divide by 0"),
//! }
//! ```
//!
//
// FIXME: Show how `Option` is used in practice, with lots of methods
//
//! # Options and pointers ("nullable" pointers)
//!
//! Rust's pointer types must always point to a valid location; there are
//! no "null" references. Instead, Rust has *optional* pointers, like
//! the optional owned box, [`Option`]`<`[`Box<T>`]`>`.
//!
//! [`Box<T>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
//!
//! The following example uses [`Option`] to create an optional box of
//! [`i32`]. Notice that in order to use the inner [`i32`] value, the
//! `check_optional` function first needs to use pattern matching to
//! determine whether the box has a value (i.e., it is [`Some(...)`][`Some`]) or
//! not ([`None`]).
//!
//! ```
//! let optional = None;
//! check_optional(optional);
//!
//! let optional = Some(Box::new(9000));
//! check_optional(optional);
//!
//! fn check_optional(optional: Option<Box<i32>>) {
//! match optional {
//! Some(p) => println!("has value {}", p),
//! None => println!("has no value"),
//! }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # Representation
//!
//! Rust guarantees to optimize the following types `T` such that
//! [`Option<T>`] has the same size as `T`:
//!
//! * [`Box<U>`]
//! * `&U`
//! * `&mut U`
//! * `fn`, `extern "C" fn`
//! * [`num::NonZero*`]
//! * [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]
//! * `#[repr(transparent)]` struct around one of the types in this list.
//!
//! [`Box<U>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
//! [`num::NonZero*`]: crate::num
//! [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]: crate::ptr::NonNull
//!
//! This is called the "null pointer optimization" or NPO.
//!
//! It is further guaranteed that, for the cases above, one can
//! [`mem::transmute`] from all valid values of `T` to `Option<T>` and
//! from `Some::<T>(_)` to `T` (but transmuting `None::<T>` to `T`
//! is undefined behaviour).
//!
//! # Method overview
//!
//! In addition to working with pattern matching, [`Option`] provides a wide
//! variety of different methods.
//!
//! ## Querying the variant
//!
//! The [`is_some`] and [`is_none`] methods return [`true`] if the [`Option`]
//! is [`Some`] or [`None`], respectively.
//!
//! [`is_none`]: Option::is_none
//! [`is_some`]: Option::is_some
//!
//! ## Adapters for working with references
//!
//! * [`as_ref`] converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T>`
//! * [`as_mut`] converts from `&mut Option<T>` to `Option<&mut T>`
//! * [`as_deref`] converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`
//! * [`as_deref_mut`] converts from `&mut Option<T>` to
//! `Option<&mut T::Target>`
//! * [`as_pin_ref`] converts from [`Pin`]`<&Option<T>>` to
//! `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&T>>`
//! * [`as_pin_mut`] converts from [`Pin`]`<&mut Option<T>>` to
//! `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&mut T>>`
//!
//! [`as_deref`]: Option::as_deref
//! [`as_deref_mut`]: Option::as_deref_mut
//! [`as_mut`]: Option::as_mut
//! [`as_pin_mut`]: Option::as_pin_mut
//! [`as_pin_ref`]: Option::as_pin_ref
//! [`as_ref`]: Option::as_ref
//!
//! ## Extracting the contained value
//!
//! These methods extract the contained value in an [`Option<T>`] when it
//! is the [`Some`] variant. If the [`Option`] is [`None`]:
//!
//! * [`expect`] panics with a provided custom message
//! * [`unwrap`] panics with a generic message
//! * [`unwrap_or`] returns the provided default value
//! * [`unwrap_or_default`] returns the default value of the type `T`
//! (which must implement the [`Default`] trait)
//! * [`unwrap_or_else`] returns the result of evaluating the provided
//! function
//!
//! [`expect`]: Option::expect
//! [`unwrap`]: Option::unwrap
//! [`unwrap_or`]: Option::unwrap_or
//! [`unwrap_or_default`]: Option::unwrap_or_default
//! [`unwrap_or_else`]: Option::unwrap_or_else
//!
//! ## Transforming contained values
//!
//! These methods transform [`Option`] to [`Result`]:
//!
//! * [`ok_or`] transforms [`Some(v)`] to [`Ok(v)`], and [`None`] to
//! [`Err(err)`] using the provided default `err` value
//! * [`ok_or_else`] transforms [`Some(v)`] to [`Ok(v)`], and [`None`] to
//! a value of [`Err`] using the provided function
//! * [`transpose`] transposes an [`Option`] of a [`Result`] into a
//! [`Result`] of an [`Option`]
//!
//! [`Err(err)`]: Err
//! [`Ok(v)`]: Ok
//! [`Some(v)`]: Some
//! [`ok_or`]: Option::ok_or
//! [`ok_or_else`]: Option::ok_or_else
//! [`transpose`]: Option::transpose
//!
//! These methods transform the [`Some`] variant:
//!
//! * [`filter`] calls the provided predicate function on the contained
//! value `t` if the [`Option`] is [`Some(t)`], and returns [`Some(t)`]
//! if the function returns `true`; otherwise, returns [`None`]
//! * [`flatten`] removes one level of nesting from an
//! [`Option<Option<T>>`]
//! * [`map`] transforms [`Option<T>`] to [`Option<U>`] by applying the
//! provided function to the contained value of [`Some`] and leaving
//! [`None`] values unchanged
//!
//! [`Some(t)`]: Some
//! [`filter`]: Option::filter
//! [`flatten`]: Option::flatten
//! [`map`]: Option::map
//!
//! These methods transform [`Option<T>`] to a value of a possibly
//! different type `U`:
//!
//! * [`map_or`] applies the provided function to the contained value of
//! [`Some`], or returns the provided default value if the [`Option`] is
//! [`None`]
//! * [`map_or_else`] applies the provided function to the contained value
//! of [`Some`], or returns the result of evaluating the provided
//! fallback function if the [`Option`] is [`None`]
//!
//! [`map_or`]: Option::map_or
//! [`map_or_else`]: Option::map_or_else
//!
//! These methods combine the [`Some`] variants of two [`Option`] values:
//!
//! * [`zip`] returns [`Some((s, o))`] if `self` is [`Some(s)`] and the
//! provided [`Option`] value is [`Some(o)`]; otherwise, returns [`None`]
//! * [`zip_with`] calls the provided function `f` and returns
//! [`Some(f(s, o))`] if `self` is [`Some(s)`] and the provided
//! [`Option`] value is [`Some(o)`]; otherwise, returns [`None`]
//!
//! [`Some(f(s, o))`]: Some
//! [`Some(o)`]: Some
//! [`Some(s)`]: Some
//! [`Some((s, o))`]: Some
//! [`zip`]: Option::zip
//! [`zip_with`]: Option::zip_with
//!
//! ## Boolean operators
//!
//! These methods treat the [`Option`] as a boolean value, where [`Some`]
//! acts like [`true`] and [`None`] acts like [`false`]. There are two
//! categories of these methods: ones that take an [`Option`] as input, and
//! ones that take a function as input (to be lazily evaluated).
//!
//! The [`and`], [`or`], and [`xor`] methods take another [`Option`] as
//! input, and produce an [`Option`] as output. Only the [`and`] method can
//! produce an [`Option<U>`] value having a different inner type `U` than
//! [`Option<T>`].
//!
//! | method | self | input | output |
//! |---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
//! | [`and`] | `None` | (ignored) | `None` |
//! | [`and`] | `Some(x)` | `None` | `None` |
//! | [`and`] | `Some(x)` | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
//! | [`or`] | `None` | `None` | `None` |
//! | [`or`] | `None` | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
//! | [`or`] | `Some(x)` | (ignored) | `Some(x)` |
//! | [`xor`] | `None` | `None` | `None` |
//! | [`xor`] | `None` | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
//! | [`xor`] | `Some(x)` | `None` | `Some(x)` |
//! | [`xor`] | `Some(x)` | `Some(y)` | `None` |
//!
//! [`and`]: Option::and
//! [`or`]: Option::or
//! [`xor`]: Option::xor
//!
//! The [`and_then`] and [`or_else`] methods take a function as input, and
//! only evaluate the function when they need to produce a new value. Only
//! the [`and_then`] method can produce an [`Option<U>`] value having a
//! different inner type `U` than [`Option<T>`].
//!
//! | method | self | function input | function result | output |
//! |--------------|-----------|----------------|-----------------|-----------|
//! | [`and_then`] | `None` | (not provided) | (not evaluated) | `None` |
//! | [`and_then`] | `Some(x)` | `x` | `None` | `None` |
//! | [`and_then`] | `Some(x)` | `x` | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
//! | [`or_else`] | `None` | (not provided) | `None` | `None` |
//! | [`or_else`] | `None` | (not provided) | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
//! | [`or_else`] | `Some(x)` | (not provided) | (not evaluated) | `Some(x)` |
//!
//! [`and_then`]: Option::and_then
//! [`or_else`]: Option::or_else
//!
//! This is an example of using methods like [`and_then`] and [`or`] in a
//! pipeline of method calls. Early stages of the pipeline pass failure
//! values ([`None`]) through unchanged, and continue processing on
//! success values ([`Some`]). Toward the end, [`or`] substitutes an error
//! message if it receives [`None`].
//!
//! ```
//! # use std::collections::BTreeMap;
//! let mut bt = BTreeMap::new();
//! bt.insert(20u8, "foo");
//! bt.insert(42u8, "bar");
//! let res = vec![0u8, 1, 11, 200, 22]
//! .into_iter()
//! .map(|x| {
//! // `checked_sub()` returns `None` on error
//! x.checked_sub(1)
//! // same with `checked_mul()`
//! .and_then(|x| x.checked_mul(2))
//! // `BTreeMap::get` returns `None` on error
//! .and_then(|x| bt.get(&x))
//! // Substitute an error message if we have `None` so far
//! .or(Some(&"error!"))
//! .copied()
//! // Won't panic because we unconditionally used `Some` above
//! .unwrap()
//! })
//! .collect::<Vec<_>>();
//! assert_eq!(res, ["error!", "error!", "foo", "error!", "bar"]);
//! ```
//!
//! ## Iterating over `Option`
//!
//! An [`Option`] can be iterated over. This can be helpful if you need an
//! iterator that is conditionally empty. The iterator will either produce
//! a single value (when the [`Option`] is [`Some`]), or produce no values
//! (when the [`Option`] is [`None`]). For example, [`into_iter`] acts like
//! [`once(v)`] if the [`Option`] is [`Some(v)`], and like [`empty()`] if
//! the [`Option`] is [`None`].
//!
//! [`Some(v)`]: Some
//! [`empty()`]: crate::iter::empty
//! [`once(v)`]: crate::iter::once
//!
//! Iterators over [`Option<T>`] come in three types:
//!
//! * [`into_iter`] consumes the [`Option`] and produces the contained
//! value
//! * [`iter`] produces an immutable reference of type `&T` to the
//! contained value
//! * [`iter_mut`] produces a mutable reference of type `&mut T` to the
//! contained value
//!
//! [`into_iter`]: Option::into_iter
//! [`iter`]: Option::iter
//! [`iter_mut`]: Option::iter_mut
//!
//! An iterator over [`Option`] can be useful when chaining iterators, for
//! example, to conditionally insert items. (It's not always necessary to
//! explicitly call an iterator constructor: many [`Iterator`] methods that
//! accept other iterators will also accept iterable types that implement
//! [`IntoIterator`], which includes [`Option`].)
//!
//! ```
//! let yep = Some(42);
//! let nope = None;
//! // chain() already calls into_iter(), so we don't have to do so
//! let nums: Vec<i32> = (0..4).chain(yep).chain(4..8).collect();
//! assert_eq!(nums, [0, 1, 2, 3, 42, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
//! let nums: Vec<i32> = (0..4).chain(nope).chain(4..8).collect();
//! assert_eq!(nums, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
//! ```
//!
//! One reason to chain iterators in this way is that a function returning
//! `impl Iterator` must have all possible return values be of the same
//! concrete type. Chaining an iterated [`Option`] can help with that.
//!
//! ```
//! fn make_iter(do_insert: bool) -> impl Iterator<Item = i32> {
//! // Explicit returns to illustrate return types matching
//! match do_insert {
//! true => return (0..4).chain(Some(42)).chain(4..8),
//! false => return (0..4).chain(None).chain(4..8),
//! }
//! }
//! println!("{:?}", make_iter(true).collect::<Vec<_>>());
//! println!("{:?}", make_iter(false).collect::<Vec<_>>());
//! ```
//!
//! If we try to do the same thing, but using [`once()`] and [`empty()`],
//! we can't return `impl Iterator` anymore because the concrete types of
//! the return values differ.
//!
//! [`empty()`]: crate::iter::empty
//! [`once()`]: crate::iter::once
//!
//! ```compile_fail,E0308
//! # use std::iter::{empty, once};
//! // This won't compile because all possible returns from the function
//! // must have the same concrete type.
//! fn make_iter(do_insert: bool) -> impl Iterator<Item = i32> {
//! // Explicit returns to illustrate return types not matching
//! match do_insert {
//! true => return (0..4).chain(once(42)).chain(4..8),
//! false => return (0..4).chain(empty()).chain(4..8),
//! }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! ## Collecting into `Option`
//!
//! [`Option`] implements the [`FromIterator`][impl-FromIterator] trait,
//! which allows an iterator over [`Option`] values to be collected into an
//! [`Option`] of a collection of each contained value of the original
//! [`Option`] values, or [`None`] if any of the elements was [`None`].
//!
//! [impl-FromIterator]: Option#impl-FromIterator%3COption%3CA%3E%3E
//!
//! ```
//! let v = vec![Some(2), Some(4), None, Some(8)];
//! let res: Option<Vec<_>> = v.into_iter().collect();
//! assert_eq!(res, None);
//! let v = vec![Some(2), Some(4), Some(8)];
//! let res: Option<Vec<_>> = v.into_iter().collect();
//! assert_eq!(res, Some(vec![2, 4, 8]));
//! ```
//!
//! [`Option`] also implements the [`Product`][impl-Product] and
//! [`Sum`][impl-Sum] traits, allowing an iterator over [`Option`] values
//! to provide the [`product`][Iterator::product] and
//! [`sum`][Iterator::sum] methods.
//!
//! [impl-Product]: Option#impl-Product%3COption%3CU%3E%3E
//! [impl-Sum]: Option#impl-Sum%3COption%3CU%3E%3E
//!
//! ```
//! let v = vec![None, Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)];
//! let res: Option<i32> = v.into_iter().sum();
//! assert_eq!(res, None);
//! let v = vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(21)];
//! let res: Option<i32> = v.into_iter().product();
//! assert_eq!(res, Some(42));
//! ```
//!
//! ## Modifying an [`Option`] in-place
//!
//! These methods return a mutable reference to the contained value of an
//! [`Option<T>`]:
//!
//! * [`insert`] inserts a value, dropping any old contents
//! * [`get_or_insert`] gets the current value, inserting a provided
//! default value if it is [`None`]
//! * [`get_or_insert_default`] gets the current value, inserting the
//! default value of type `T` (which must implement [`Default`]) if it is
//! [`None`]
//! * [`get_or_insert_with`] gets the current value, inserting a default
//! computed by the provided function if it is [`None`]
//!
//! [`get_or_insert`]: Option::get_or_insert
//! [`get_or_insert_default`]: Option::get_or_insert_default
//! [`get_or_insert_with`]: Option::get_or_insert_with
//! [`insert`]: Option::insert
//!
//! These methods transfer ownership of the contained value of an
//! [`Option`]:
//!
//! * [`take`] takes ownership of the contained value of an [`Option`], if
//! any, replacing the [`Option`] with [`None`]
//! * [`replace`] takes ownership of the contained value of an [`Option`],
//! if any, replacing the [`Option`] with a [`Some`] containing the
//! provided value
//!
//! [`replace`]: Option::replace
//! [`take`]: Option::take
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! Basic pattern matching on [`Option`]:
//!
//! ```
//! let msg = Some("howdy");
//!
//! // Take a reference to the contained string
//! if let Some(m) = &msg {
//! println!("{}", *m);
//! }
//!
//! // Remove the contained string, destroying the Option
//! let unwrapped_msg = msg.unwrap_or("default message");
//! ```
//!
//! Initialize a result to [`None`] before a loop:
//!
//! ```
//! enum Kingdom { Plant(u32, &'static str), Animal(u32, &'static str) }
//!
//! // A list of data to search through.
//! let all_the_big_things = [
//! Kingdom::Plant(250, "redwood"),
//! Kingdom::Plant(230, "noble fir"),
//! Kingdom::Plant(229, "sugar pine"),
//! Kingdom::Animal(25, "blue whale"),
//! Kingdom::Animal(19, "fin whale"),
//! Kingdom::Animal(15, "north pacific right whale"),
//! ];
//!
//! // We're going to search for the name of the biggest animal,
//! // but to start with we've just got `None`.
//! let mut name_of_biggest_animal = None;
//! let mut size_of_biggest_animal = 0;
//! for big_thing in &all_the_big_things {
//! match *big_thing {
//! Kingdom::Animal(size, name) if size > size_of_biggest_animal => {
//! // Now we've found the name of some big animal
//! size_of_biggest_animal = size;
//! name_of_biggest_animal = Some(name);
//! }
//! Kingdom::Animal(..) | Kingdom::Plant(..) => ()
//! }
//! }
//!
//! match name_of_biggest_animal {
//! Some(name) => println!("the biggest animal is {}", name),
//! None => println!("there are no animals :("),
//! }
//! ```
#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
use crate::iter::{FromIterator, FusedIterator, TrustedLen};
use crate::pin::Pin;
use crate::{
convert, hint, mem,
ops::{self, ControlFlow, Deref, DerefMut},
};
/// The `Option` type. See [the module level documentation](self) for more.
#[derive(Copy, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord, Debug, Hash)]
#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "option_type"]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub enum Option<T> {
/// No value
#[lang = "None"]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
None,
/// Some value `T`
#[lang = "Some"]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
Some(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] T),
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Type implementation
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
impl<T> Option<T> {
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Querying the contained values
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Returns `true` if the option is a [`Some`] value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x: Option<u32> = Some(2);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_some(), true);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.is_some(), false);
/// ```
#[must_use = "if you intended to assert that this has a value, consider `.unwrap()` instead"]
#[inline]
#[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_option", since = "1.48.0")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub const fn is_some(&self) -> bool {
matches!(*self, Some(_))
}
/// Returns `true` if the option is a [`None`] value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x: Option<u32> = Some(2);
/// assert_eq!(x.is_none(), false);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.is_none(), true);
/// ```
#[must_use = "if you intended to assert that this doesn't have a value, consider \
`.and_then(|_| panic!(\"`Option` had a value when expected `None`\"))` instead"]
#[inline]
#[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_option", since = "1.48.0")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub const fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
!self.is_some()
}
/// Returns `true` if the option is a [`Some`] value containing the given value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(option_result_contains)]
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = Some(2);
/// assert_eq!(x.contains(&2), true);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = Some(3);
/// assert_eq!(x.contains(&2), false);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.contains(&2), false);
/// ```
#[must_use]
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "option_result_contains", issue = "62358")]
pub fn contains<U>(&self, x: &U) -> bool
where
U: PartialEq<T>,
{
match self {
Some(y) => x == y,
None => false,
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Adapter for working with references
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T>`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Converts an `Option<`[`String`]`>` into an `Option<`[`usize`]`>`, preserving the original.
/// The [`map`] method takes the `self` argument by value, consuming the original,
/// so this technique uses `as_ref` to first take an `Option` to a reference
/// to the value inside the original.
///
/// [`map`]: Option::map
/// [`String`]: ../../std/string/struct.String.html
///
/// ```
/// let text: Option<String> = Some("Hello, world!".to_string());
/// // First, cast `Option<String>` to `Option<&String>` with `as_ref`,
/// // then consume *that* with `map`, leaving `text` on the stack.
/// let text_length: Option<usize> = text.as_ref().map(|s| s.len());
/// println!("still can print text: {:?}", text);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[rustc_const_stable(feature = "const_option", since = "1.48.0")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub const fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&T> {
match *self {
Some(ref x) => Some(x),
None => None,
}
}
/// Converts from `&mut Option<T>` to `Option<&mut T>`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = Some(2);
/// match x.as_mut() {
/// Some(v) => *v = 42,
/// None => {},
/// }
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(42));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
match *self {
Some(ref mut x) => Some(x),
None => None,
}
}
/// Converts from [`Pin`]`<&Option<T>>` to `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&T>>`.
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
pub fn as_pin_ref(self: Pin<&Self>) -> Option<Pin<&T>> {
// SAFETY: `x` is guaranteed to be pinned because it comes from `self`
// which is pinned.
unsafe { Pin::get_ref(self).as_ref().map(|x| Pin::new_unchecked(x)) }
}
/// Converts from [`Pin`]`<&mut Option<T>>` to `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&mut T>>`.
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
pub fn as_pin_mut(self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> Option<Pin<&mut T>> {
// SAFETY: `get_unchecked_mut` is never used to move the `Option` inside `self`.
// `x` is guaranteed to be pinned because it comes from `self` which is pinned.
unsafe { Pin::get_unchecked_mut(self).as_mut().map(|x| Pin::new_unchecked(x)) }
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Getting to contained values
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value, consuming the `self` value.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if the value is a [`None`] with a custom panic message provided by
/// `msg`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("value");
/// assert_eq!(x.expect("fruits are healthy"), "value");
/// ```
///
/// ```should_panic
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// x.expect("fruits are healthy"); // panics with `fruits are healthy`
/// ```
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn expect(self, msg: &str) -> T {
match self {
Some(val) => val,
None => expect_failed(msg),
}
}
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value, consuming the `self` value.
///
/// Because this function may panic, its use is generally discouraged.
/// Instead, prefer to use pattern matching and handle the [`None`]
/// case explicitly, or call [`unwrap_or`], [`unwrap_or_else`], or
/// [`unwrap_or_default`].
///
/// [`unwrap_or`]: Option::unwrap_or
/// [`unwrap_or_else`]: Option::unwrap_or_else
/// [`unwrap_or_default`]: Option::unwrap_or_default
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if the self value equals [`None`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("air");
/// assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), "air");
/// ```
///
/// ```should_panic
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.unwrap(), "air"); // fails
/// ```
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_option", issue = "67441")]
pub const fn unwrap(self) -> T {
match self {
Some(val) => val,
None => panic!("called `Option::unwrap()` on a `None` value"),
}
}
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value or a provided default.
///
/// Arguments passed to `unwrap_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
/// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`unwrap_or_else`],
/// which is lazily evaluated.
///
/// [`unwrap_or_else`]: Option::unwrap_or_else
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// assert_eq!(Some("car").unwrap_or("bike"), "car");
/// assert_eq!(None.unwrap_or("bike"), "bike");
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn unwrap_or(self, default: T) -> T {
match self {
Some(x) => x,
None => default,
}
}
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value or computes it from a closure.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let k = 10;
/// assert_eq!(Some(4).unwrap_or_else(|| 2 * k), 4);
/// assert_eq!(None.unwrap_or_else(|| 2 * k), 20);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn unwrap_or_else<F: FnOnce() -> T>(self, f: F) -> T {
match self {
Some(x) => x,
None => f(),
}
}
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value, consuming the `self` value,
/// without checking that the value is not [`None`].
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Calling this method on [`None`] is *[undefined behavior]*.
///
/// [undefined behavior]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/behavior-considered-undefined.html
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(option_result_unwrap_unchecked)]
/// let x = Some("air");
/// assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked() }, "air");
/// ```
///
/// ```no_run
/// #![feature(option_result_unwrap_unchecked)]
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(unsafe { x.unwrap_unchecked() }, "air"); // Undefined behavior!
/// ```
#[inline]
#[track_caller]
#[unstable(feature = "option_result_unwrap_unchecked", reason = "newly added", issue = "81383")]
pub unsafe fn unwrap_unchecked(self) -> T {
debug_assert!(self.is_some());
match self {
Some(val) => val,
// SAFETY: the safety contract must be upheld by the caller.
None => unsafe { hint::unreachable_unchecked() },
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Transforming contained values
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Maps an `Option<T>` to `Option<U>` by applying a function to a contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Converts an `Option<`[`String`]`>` into an `Option<`[`usize`]`>`, consuming the original:
///
/// [`String`]: ../../std/string/struct.String.html
/// ```
/// let maybe_some_string = Some(String::from("Hello, World!"));
/// // `Option::map` takes self *by value*, consuming `maybe_some_string`
/// let maybe_some_len = maybe_some_string.map(|s| s.len());
///
/// assert_eq!(maybe_some_len, Some(13));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn map<U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U>(self, f: F) -> Option<U> {
match self {
Some(x) => Some(f(x)),
None => None,
}
}
/// Returns the provided default result (if none),
/// or applies a function to the contained value (if any).
///
/// Arguments passed to `map_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
/// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`map_or_else`],
/// which is lazily evaluated.
///
/// [`map_or_else`]: Option::map_or_else
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.map_or(42, |v| v.len()), 3);
///
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.map_or(42, |v| v.len()), 42);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn map_or<U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U>(self, default: U, f: F) -> U {
match self {
Some(t) => f(t),
None => default,
}
}
/// Computes a default function result (if none), or
/// applies a different function to the contained value (if any).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let k = 21;
///
/// let x = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.map_or_else(|| 2 * k, |v| v.len()), 3);
///
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.map_or_else(|| 2 * k, |v| v.len()), 42);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn map_or_else<U, D: FnOnce() -> U, F: FnOnce(T) -> U>(self, default: D, f: F) -> U {
match self {
Some(t) => f(t),
None => default(),
}
}
/// Transforms the `Option<T>` into a [`Result<T, E>`], mapping [`Some(v)`] to
/// [`Ok(v)`] and [`None`] to [`Err(err)`].
///
/// Arguments passed to `ok_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the
/// result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`ok_or_else`], which is
/// lazily evaluated.
///
/// [`Ok(v)`]: Ok
/// [`Err(err)`]: Err
/// [`Some(v)`]: Some
/// [`ok_or_else`]: Option::ok_or_else
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.ok_or(0), Ok("foo"));
///
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.ok_or(0), Err(0));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn ok_or<E>(self, err: E) -> Result<T, E> {
match self {
Some(v) => Ok(v),
None => Err(err),
}
}
/// Transforms the `Option<T>` into a [`Result<T, E>`], mapping [`Some(v)`] to
/// [`Ok(v)`] and [`None`] to [`Err(err())`].
///
/// [`Ok(v)`]: Ok
/// [`Err(err())`]: Err
/// [`Some(v)`]: Some
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.ok_or_else(|| 0), Ok("foo"));
///
/// let x: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.ok_or_else(|| 0), Err(0));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn ok_or_else<E, F: FnOnce() -> E>(self, err: F) -> Result<T, E> {
match self {
Some(v) => Ok(v),
None => Err(err()),
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Iterator constructors
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Returns an iterator over the possibly contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some(4);
/// assert_eq!(x.iter().next(), Some(&4));
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.iter().next(), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_option", issue = "67441")]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub const fn iter(&self) -> Iter<'_, T> {
Iter { inner: Item { opt: self.as_ref() } }
}
/// Returns a mutable iterator over the possibly contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = Some(4);
/// match x.iter_mut().next() {
/// Some(v) => *v = 42,
/// None => {},
/// }
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(42));
///
/// let mut x: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.iter_mut().next(), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> IterMut<'_, T> {
IterMut { inner: Item { opt: self.as_mut() } }
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Boolean operations on the values, eager and lazy
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Returns [`None`] if the option is [`None`], otherwise returns `optb`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.and(y), None);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.and(y), None);
///
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y = Some("foo");
/// assert_eq!(x.and(y), Some("foo"));
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y: Option<&str> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.and(y), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn and<U>(self, optb: Option<U>) -> Option<U> {
match self {
Some(_) => optb,
None => None,
}
}
/// Returns [`None`] if the option is [`None`], otherwise calls `f` with the
/// wrapped value and returns the result.
///
/// Some languages call this operation flatmap.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// fn sq(x: u32) -> Option<u32> { Some(x * x) }
/// fn nope(_: u32) -> Option<u32> { None }
///
/// assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(sq).and_then(sq), Some(16));
/// assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(sq).and_then(nope), None);
/// assert_eq!(Some(2).and_then(nope).and_then(sq), None);
/// assert_eq!(None.and_then(sq).and_then(sq), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn and_then<U, F: FnOnce(T) -> Option<U>>(self, f: F) -> Option<U> {
match self {
Some(x) => f(x),
None => None,
}
}
/// Returns [`None`] if the option is [`None`], otherwise calls `predicate`
/// with the wrapped value and returns:
///
/// - [`Some(t)`] if `predicate` returns `true` (where `t` is the wrapped
/// value), and
/// - [`None`] if `predicate` returns `false`.
///
/// This function works similar to [`Iterator::filter()`]. You can imagine
/// the `Option<T>` being an iterator over one or zero elements. `filter()`
/// lets you decide which elements to keep.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```rust
/// fn is_even(n: &i32) -> bool {
/// n % 2 == 0
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(None.filter(is_even), None);
/// assert_eq!(Some(3).filter(is_even), None);
/// assert_eq!(Some(4).filter(is_even), Some(4));
/// ```
///
/// [`Some(t)`]: Some
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_filter", since = "1.27.0")]
pub fn filter<P: FnOnce(&T) -> bool>(self, predicate: P) -> Self {
if let Some(x) = self {
if predicate(&x) {
return Some(x);
}
}
None
}
/// Returns the option if it contains a value, otherwise returns `optb`.
///
/// Arguments passed to `or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing the
/// result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`or_else`], which is
/// lazily evaluated.
///
/// [`or_else`]: Option::or_else
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.or(y), Some(2));
///
/// let x = None;
/// let y = Some(100);
/// assert_eq!(x.or(y), Some(100));
///
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y = Some(100);
/// assert_eq!(x.or(y), Some(2));
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.or(y), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn or(self, optb: Option<T>) -> Option<T> {
match self {
Some(_) => self,
None => optb,
}
}
/// Returns the option if it contains a value, otherwise calls `f` and
/// returns the result.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// fn nobody() -> Option<&'static str> { None }
/// fn vikings() -> Option<&'static str> { Some("vikings") }
///
/// assert_eq!(Some("barbarians").or_else(vikings), Some("barbarians"));
/// assert_eq!(None.or_else(vikings), Some("vikings"));
/// assert_eq!(None.or_else(nobody), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn or_else<F: FnOnce() -> Option<T>>(self, f: F) -> Option<T> {
match self {
Some(_) => self,
None => f(),
}
}
/// Returns [`Some`] if exactly one of `self`, `optb` is [`Some`], otherwise returns [`None`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.xor(y), Some(2));
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y = Some(2);
/// assert_eq!(x.xor(y), Some(2));
///
/// let x = Some(2);
/// let y = Some(2);
/// assert_eq!(x.xor(y), None);
///
/// let x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y: Option<u32> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.xor(y), None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_xor", since = "1.37.0")]
pub fn xor(self, optb: Option<T>) -> Option<T> {
match (self, optb) {
(Some(a), None) => Some(a),
(None, Some(b)) => Some(b),
_ => None,
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Entry-like operations to insert a value and return a reference
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Inserts `value` into the option then returns a mutable reference to it.
///
/// If the option already contains a value, the old value is dropped.
///
/// See also [`Option::get_or_insert`], which doesn't update the value if
/// the option already contains [`Some`].
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let mut opt = None;
/// let val = opt.insert(1);
/// assert_eq!(*val, 1);
/// assert_eq!(opt.unwrap(), 1);
/// let val = opt.insert(2);
/// assert_eq!(*val, 2);
/// *val = 3;
/// assert_eq!(opt.unwrap(), 3);
/// ```
#[must_use = "if you intended to set a value, consider assignment instead"]
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_insert", since = "1.53.0")]
pub fn insert(&mut self, value: T) -> &mut T {
*self = Some(value);
match self {
Some(v) => v,
// SAFETY: the code above just filled the option
None => unsafe { hint::unreachable_unchecked() },
}
}
/// Inserts `value` into the option if it is [`None`], then
/// returns a mutable reference to the contained value.
///
/// See also [`Option::insert`], which updates the value even if
/// the option already contains [`Some`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = None;
///
/// {
/// let y: &mut u32 = x.get_or_insert(5);
/// assert_eq!(y, &5);
///
/// *y = 7;
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(7));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_entry", since = "1.20.0")]
pub fn get_or_insert(&mut self, value: T) -> &mut T {
self.get_or_insert_with(|| value)
}
/// Inserts the default value into the option if it is [`None`], then
/// returns a mutable reference to the contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(option_get_or_insert_default)]
///
/// let mut x = None;
///
/// {
/// let y: &mut u32 = x.get_or_insert_default();
/// assert_eq!(y, &0);
///
/// *y = 7;
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(7));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[unstable(feature = "option_get_or_insert_default", issue = "82901")]
pub fn get_or_insert_default(&mut self) -> &mut T
where
T: Default,
{
self.get_or_insert_with(Default::default)
}
/// Inserts a value computed from `f` into the option if it is [`None`],
/// then returns a mutable reference to the contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = None;
///
/// {
/// let y: &mut u32 = x.get_or_insert_with(|| 5);
/// assert_eq!(y, &5);
///
/// *y = 7;
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(7));
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_entry", since = "1.20.0")]
pub fn get_or_insert_with<F: FnOnce() -> T>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut T {
if let None = *self {
*self = Some(f());
}
match self {
Some(v) => v,
// SAFETY: a `None` variant for `self` would have been replaced by a `Some`
// variant in the code above.
None => unsafe { hint::unreachable_unchecked() },
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Misc
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Takes the value out of the option, leaving a [`None`] in its place.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = Some(2);
/// let y = x.take();
/// assert_eq!(x, None);
/// assert_eq!(y, Some(2));
///
/// let mut x: Option<u32> = None;
/// let y = x.take();
/// assert_eq!(x, None);
/// assert_eq!(y, None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
mem::take(self)
}
/// Replaces the actual value in the option by the value given in parameter,
/// returning the old value if present,
/// leaving a [`Some`] in its place without deinitializing either one.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = Some(2);
/// let old = x.replace(5);
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(5));
/// assert_eq!(old, Some(2));
///
/// let mut x = None;
/// let old = x.replace(3);
/// assert_eq!(x, Some(3));
/// assert_eq!(old, None);
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_replace", since = "1.31.0")]
pub fn replace(&mut self, value: T) -> Option<T> {
mem::replace(self, Some(value))
}
/// Zips `self` with another `Option`.
///
/// If `self` is `Some(s)` and `other` is `Some(o)`, this method returns `Some((s, o))`.
/// Otherwise, `None` is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some(1);
/// let y = Some("hi");
/// let z = None::<u8>;
///
/// assert_eq!(x.zip(y), Some((1, "hi")));
/// assert_eq!(x.zip(z), None);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "option_zip_option", since = "1.46.0")]
pub fn zip<U>(self, other: Option<U>) -> Option<(T, U)> {
match (self, other) {
(Some(a), Some(b)) => Some((a, b)),
_ => None,
}
}
/// Zips `self` and another `Option` with function `f`.
///
/// If `self` is `Some(s)` and `other` is `Some(o)`, this method returns `Some(f(s, o))`.
/// Otherwise, `None` is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(option_zip)]
///
/// #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
/// struct Point {
/// x: f64,
/// y: f64,
/// }
///
/// impl Point {
/// fn new(x: f64, y: f64) -> Self {
/// Self { x, y }
/// }
/// }
///
/// let x = Some(17.5);
/// let y = Some(42.7);
///
/// assert_eq!(x.zip_with(y, Point::new), Some(Point { x: 17.5, y: 42.7 }));
/// assert_eq!(x.zip_with(None, Point::new), None);
/// ```
#[unstable(feature = "option_zip", issue = "70086")]
pub fn zip_with<U, F, R>(self, other: Option<U>, f: F) -> Option<R>
where
F: FnOnce(T, U) -> R,
{
Some(f(self?, other?))
}
}
impl<T: Copy> Option<&T> {
/// Maps an `Option<&T>` to an `Option<T>` by copying the contents of the
/// option.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = 12;
/// let opt_x = Some(&x);
/// assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&12));
/// let copied = opt_x.copied();
/// assert_eq!(copied, Some(12));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "copied", since = "1.35.0")]
pub fn copied(self) -> Option<T> {
self.map(|&t| t)
}
}
impl<T: Copy> Option<&mut T> {
/// Maps an `Option<&mut T>` to an `Option<T>` by copying the contents of the
/// option.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = 12;
/// let opt_x = Some(&mut x);
/// assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&mut 12));
/// let copied = opt_x.copied();
/// assert_eq!(copied, Some(12));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "copied", since = "1.35.0")]
pub fn copied(self) -> Option<T> {
self.map(|&mut t| t)
}
}
impl<T: Clone> Option<&T> {
/// Maps an `Option<&T>` to an `Option<T>` by cloning the contents of the
/// option.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = 12;
/// let opt_x = Some(&x);
/// assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&12));
/// let cloned = opt_x.cloned();
/// assert_eq!(cloned, Some(12));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn cloned(self) -> Option<T> {
self.map(|t| t.clone())
}
}
impl<T: Clone> Option<&mut T> {
/// Maps an `Option<&mut T>` to an `Option<T>` by cloning the contents of the
/// option.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x = 12;
/// let opt_x = Some(&mut x);
/// assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&mut 12));
/// let cloned = opt_x.cloned();
/// assert_eq!(cloned, Some(12));
/// ```
#[stable(since = "1.26.0", feature = "option_ref_mut_cloned")]
pub fn cloned(self) -> Option<T> {
self.map(|t| t.clone())
}
}
impl<T: Default> Option<T> {
/// Returns the contained [`Some`] value or a default
///
/// Consumes the `self` argument then, if [`Some`], returns the contained
/// value, otherwise if [`None`], returns the [default value] for that
/// type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Converts a string to an integer, turning poorly-formed strings
/// into 0 (the default value for integers). [`parse`] converts
/// a string to any other type that implements [`FromStr`], returning
/// [`None`] on error.
///
/// ```
/// let good_year_from_input = "1909";
/// let bad_year_from_input = "190blarg";
/// let good_year = good_year_from_input.parse().ok().unwrap_or_default();
/// let bad_year = bad_year_from_input.parse().ok().unwrap_or_default();
///
/// assert_eq!(1909, good_year);
/// assert_eq!(0, bad_year);
/// ```
///
/// [default value]: Default::default
/// [`parse`]: str::parse
/// [`FromStr`]: crate::str::FromStr
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub fn unwrap_or_default(self) -> T {
match self {
Some(x) => x,
None => Default::default(),
}
}
}
impl<T: Deref> Option<T> {
/// Converts from `Option<T>` (or `&Option<T>`) to `Option<&T::Target>`.
///
/// Leaves the original Option in-place, creating a new one with a reference
/// to the original one, additionally coercing the contents via [`Deref`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x: Option<String> = Some("hey".to_owned());
/// assert_eq!(x.as_deref(), Some("hey"));
///
/// let x: Option<String> = None;
/// assert_eq!(x.as_deref(), None);
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "option_deref", since = "1.40.0")]
pub fn as_deref(&self) -> Option<&T::Target> {
self.as_ref().map(|t| t.deref())
}
}
impl<T: DerefMut> Option<T> {
/// Converts from `Option<T>` (or `&mut Option<T>`) to `Option<&mut T::Target>`.
///
/// Leaves the original `Option` in-place, creating a new one containing a mutable reference to
/// the inner type's `Deref::Target` type.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut x: Option<String> = Some("hey".to_owned());
/// assert_eq!(x.as_deref_mut().map(|x| {
/// x.make_ascii_uppercase();
/// x
/// }), Some("HEY".to_owned().as_mut_str()));
/// ```
#[stable(feature = "option_deref", since = "1.40.0")]
pub fn as_deref_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T::Target> {
self.as_mut().map(|t| t.deref_mut())
}
}
impl<T, E> Option<Result<T, E>> {
/// Transposes an `Option` of a [`Result`] into a [`Result`] of an `Option`.
///
/// [`None`] will be mapped to [`Ok`]`(`[`None`]`)`.
/// [`Some`]`(`[`Ok`]`(_))` and [`Some`]`(`[`Err`]`(_))` will be mapped to
/// [`Ok`]`(`[`Some`]`(_))` and [`Err`]`(_)`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
/// struct SomeErr;
///
/// let x: Result<Option<i32>, SomeErr> = Ok(Some(5));
/// let y: Option<Result<i32, SomeErr>> = Some(Ok(5));
/// assert_eq!(x, y.transpose());
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "transpose_result", since = "1.33.0")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_option", issue = "67441")]
pub const fn transpose(self) -> Result<Option<T>, E> {
match self {
Some(Ok(x)) => Ok(Some(x)),
Some(Err(e)) => Err(e),
None => Ok(None),
}
}
}
// This is a separate function to reduce the code size of .expect() itself.
#[inline(never)]
#[cold]
#[track_caller]
fn expect_failed(msg: &str) -> ! {
panic!("{}", msg)
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Trait implementations
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Option<T> {
#[inline]
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
match self {
Some(x) => Some(x.clone()),
None => None,
}
}
#[inline]
fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
match (self, source) {
(Some(to), Some(from)) => to.clone_from(from),
(to, from) => *to = from.clone(),
}
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T> Default for Option<T> {
/// Returns [`None`][Option::None].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let opt: Option<u32> = Option::default();
/// assert!(opt.is_none());
/// ```
#[inline]
fn default() -> Option<T> {
None
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<T> IntoIterator for Option<T> {
type Item = T;
type IntoIter = IntoIter<T>;
/// Returns a consuming iterator over the possibly contained value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let x = Some("string");
/// let v: Vec<&str> = x.into_iter().collect();
/// assert_eq!(v, ["string"]);
///
/// let x = None;
/// let v: Vec<&str> = x.into_iter().collect();
/// assert!(v.is_empty());
/// ```
#[inline]
fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter<T> {
IntoIter { inner: Item { opt: self } }
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.4.0", feature = "option_iter")]
impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a Option<T> {
type Item = &'a T;
type IntoIter = Iter<'a, T>;
fn into_iter(self) -> Iter<'a, T> {
self.iter()
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.4.0", feature = "option_iter")]
impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a mut Option<T> {
type Item = &'a mut T;
type IntoIter = IterMut<'a, T>;
fn into_iter(self) -> IterMut<'a, T> {
self.iter_mut()
}
}
#[stable(since = "1.12.0", feature = "option_from")]
impl<T> From<T> for Option<T> {
/// Copies `val` into a new `Some`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let o: Option<u8> = Option::from(67);
///
/// assert_eq!(Some(67), o);
/// ```
fn from(val: T) -> Option<T> {
Some(val)
}
}
#[stable(feature = "option_ref_from_ref_option", since = "1.30.0")]
impl<'a, T> From<&'a Option<T>> for Option<&'a T> {
/// Converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T>`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Converts an `Option<`[`String`]`>` into an `Option<`[`usize`]`>`, preserving the original.
/// The [`map`] method takes the `self` argument by value, consuming the original,
/// so this technique uses `from` to first take an `Option` to a reference
/// to the value inside the original.
///
/// [`map`]: Option::map
/// [`String`]: ../../std/string/struct.String.html
///
/// ```
/// let s: Option<String> = Some(String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!"));
/// let o: Option<usize> = Option::from(&s).map(|ss: &String| ss.len());
///
/// println!("Can still print s: {:?}", s);
///
/// assert_eq!(o, Some(18));
/// ```
fn from(o: &'a Option<T>) -> Option<&'a T> {
o.as_ref()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "option_ref_from_ref_option", since = "1.30.0")]
impl<'a, T> From<&'a mut Option<T>> for Option<&'a mut T> {
/// Converts from `&mut Option<T>` to `Option<&mut T>`
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let mut s = Some(String::from("Hello"));
/// let o: Option<&mut String> = Option::from(&mut s);
///
/// match o {
/// Some(t) => *t = String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!"),
/// None => (),
/// }
///
/// assert_eq!(s, Some(String::from("Hello, Rustaceans!")));
/// ```
fn from(o: &'a mut Option<T>) -> Option<&'a mut T> {
o.as_mut()
}
}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// The Option Iterators
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct Item<A> {
opt: Option<A>,
}
impl<A> Iterator for Item<A> {
type Item = A;
#[inline]
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<A> {
self.opt.take()
}
#[inline]
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
match self.opt {
Some(_) => (1, Some(1)),
None => (0, Some(0)),
}
}
}
impl<A> DoubleEndedIterator for Item<A> {
#[inline]
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<A> {
self.opt.take()
}
}
impl<A> ExactSizeIterator for Item<A> {}
impl<A> FusedIterator for Item<A> {}
unsafe impl<A> TrustedLen for Item<A> {}
/// An iterator over a reference to the [`Some`] variant of an [`Option`].
///
/// The iterator yields one value if the [`Option`] is a [`Some`], otherwise none.
///
/// This `struct` is created by the [`Option::iter`] function.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Iter<'a, A: 'a> {
inner: Item<&'a A>,
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, A> Iterator for Iter<'a, A> {
type Item = &'a A;
#[inline]
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a A> {
self.inner.next()
}
#[inline]
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
self.inner.size_hint()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, A> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<'a, A> {
#[inline]
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a A> {
self.inner.next_back()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> ExactSizeIterator for Iter<'_, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
impl<A> FusedIterator for Iter<'_, A> {}
#[unstable(feature = "trusted_len", issue = "37572")]
unsafe impl<A> TrustedLen for Iter<'_, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> Clone for Iter<'_, A> {
#[inline]
fn clone(&self) -> Self {
Iter { inner: self.inner.clone() }
}
}
/// An iterator over a mutable reference to the [`Some`] variant of an [`Option`].
///
/// The iterator yields one value if the [`Option`] is a [`Some`], otherwise none.
///
/// This `struct` is created by the [`Option::iter_mut`] function.
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct IterMut<'a, A: 'a> {
inner: Item<&'a mut A>,
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, A> Iterator for IterMut<'a, A> {
type Item = &'a mut A;
#[inline]
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'a mut A> {
self.inner.next()
}
#[inline]
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
self.inner.size_hint()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<'a, A> DoubleEndedIterator for IterMut<'a, A> {
#[inline]
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<&'a mut A> {
self.inner.next_back()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> ExactSizeIterator for IterMut<'_, A> {}
#[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
impl<A> FusedIterator for IterMut<'_, A> {}
#[unstable(feature = "trusted_len", issue = "37572")]
unsafe impl<A> TrustedLen for IterMut<'_, A> {}
/// An iterator over the value in [`Some`] variant of an [`Option`].
///
/// The iterator yields one value if the [`Option`] is a [`Some`], otherwise none.
///
/// This `struct` is created by the [`Option::into_iter`] function.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
pub struct IntoIter<A> {
inner: Item<A>,
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> Iterator for IntoIter<A> {
type Item = A;
#[inline]
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<A> {
self.inner.next()
}
#[inline]
fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
self.inner.size_hint()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> DoubleEndedIterator for IntoIter<A> {
#[inline]
fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<A> {
self.inner.next_back()
}
}
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A> ExactSizeIterator for IntoIter<A> {}
#[stable(feature = "fused", since = "1.26.0")]
impl<A> FusedIterator for IntoIter<A> {}
#[unstable(feature = "trusted_len", issue = "37572")]
unsafe impl<A> TrustedLen for IntoIter<A> {}
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// FromIterator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
impl<A, V: FromIterator<A>> FromIterator<Option<A>> for Option<V> {
/// Takes each element in the [`Iterator`]: if it is [`None`][Option::None],
/// no further elements are taken, and the [`None`][Option::None] is
/// returned. Should no [`None`][Option::None] occur, a container with the
/// values of each [`Option`] is returned.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Here is an example which increments every integer in a vector.
/// We use the checked variant of `add` that returns `None` when the
/// calculation would result in an overflow.
///
/// ```
/// let items = vec![0_u16, 1, 2];
///
/// let res: Option<Vec<u16>> = items
/// .iter()
/// .map(|x| x.checked_add(1))
/// .collect();
///
/// assert_eq!(res, Some(vec![1, 2, 3]));
/// ```
///
/// As you can see, this will return the expected, valid items.
///
/// Here is another example that tries to subtract one from another list
/// of integers, this time checking for underflow:
///
/// ```
/// let items = vec![2_u16, 1, 0];
///
/// let res: Option<Vec<u16>> = items
/// .iter()
/// .map(|x| x.checked_sub(1))
/// .collect();
///
/// assert_eq!(res, None);
/// ```
///
/// Since the last element is zero, it would underflow. Thus, the resulting
/// value is `None`.
///
/// Here is a variation on the previous example, showing that no
/// further elements are taken from `iter` after the first `None`.
///
/// ```
/// let items = vec![3_u16, 2, 1, 10];
///
/// let mut shared = 0;
///
/// let res: Option<Vec<u16>> = items
/// .iter()
/// .map(|x| { shared += x; x.checked_sub(2) })
/// .collect();
///
/// assert_eq!(res, None);
/// assert_eq!(shared, 6);
/// ```
///
/// Since the third element caused an underflow, no further elements were taken,
/// so the final value of `shared` is 6 (= `3 + 2 + 1`), not 16.
#[inline]
fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = Option<A>>>(iter: I) -> Option<V> {
// FIXME(#11084): This could be replaced with Iterator::scan when this
// performance bug is closed.
iter.into_iter().map(|x| x.ok_or(())).collect::<Result<_, _>>().ok()
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "try_trait_v2", issue = "84277")]
impl<T> ops::TryV2 for Option<T> {
type Output = T;
type Residual = Option<convert::Infallible>;
#[inline]
fn from_output(output: Self::Output) -> Self {
Some(output)
}
#[inline]
fn branch(self) -> ControlFlow<Self::Residual, Self::Output> {
match self {
Some(v) => ControlFlow::Continue(v),
None => ControlFlow::Break(None),
}
}
}
#[unstable(feature = "try_trait_v2", issue = "84277")]
impl<T> ops::FromResidual for Option<T> {
#[inline]
fn from_residual(residual: Option<convert::Infallible>) -> Self {
match residual {
None => None,
}
}
}
impl<T> Option<Option<T>> {
/// Converts from `Option<Option<T>>` to `Option<T>`
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Basic usage:
///
/// ```
/// let x: Option<Option<u32>> = Some(Some(6));
/// assert_eq!(Some(6), x.flatten());
///
/// let x: Option<Option<u32>> = Some(None);
/// assert_eq!(None, x.flatten());
///
/// let x: Option<Option<u32>> = None;
/// assert_eq!(None, x.flatten());
/// ```
///
/// Flattening only removes one level of nesting at a time:
///
/// ```
/// let x: Option<Option<Option<u32>>> = Some(Some(Some(6)));
/// assert_eq!(Some(Some(6)), x.flatten());
/// assert_eq!(Some(6), x.flatten().flatten());
/// ```
#[inline]
#[stable(feature = "option_flattening", since = "1.40.0")]
#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_option", issue = "67441")]
pub const fn flatten(self) -> Option<T> {
match self {
Some(inner) => inner,
None => None,
}
}
}
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