Clippy Book Chapter Updates Reborn: Refresh Lint Configuration's looks
This PR modernizes and clears up some confusion with the "Lint Configuration Options" chapter from the book.
### Changes
- **Remove 'Option - Default Value" table**
- Why was it even there?
- It shouldn't be the first thing an user sees when they enter the chapter. It's clunky, ugly and not useful. The default values for configs are stated in a per-config basis if needed.
- **Add a simple description of what the chapter contains, and the scheme of each configuration option**
- **Minor formatting, mainly adding code fragments to code text**
- It seemed weird and jarring not having back-ticks on text like "arithmetic_side_effects".
- Improves readability and separation between configs.
- **Separate a little bit the Affected Lints list + "Affected lists" message**
- Not having something indicating that the list is about the lints that use the configuration option is confusing.
- It isn't as important as the description and example. Therefore should be separated a little bit imo
---
This is an independent effort from #10597, but as it's still a Book Chapter Update, I thought it would be cool to include it here. I'm going to keep the reviewing process for this PR to rustbot's desires.
[Rendered](https://github.com/blyxyas/rust-clippy/blob/book-lint_config/book/src/lint_configuration.md)
[Current](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/book/src/lint_configuration.md)
changelog: Refresh styling from the "Lint Configuration Options" book chapter.
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