790e6bb397
If they are on the trait then it is extremely annoying to use them as
generic parameters to a function, e.g. with the iterator param on the trait
itself, if one was to pass an Extendable<int> to a function that filled it
either from a Range or a Map<VecIterator>, one needs to write something
like:
fn foo<E: Extendable<int, Range<int>> +
Extendable<int, Map<&'self int, int, VecIterator<int>>>
(e: &mut E, ...) { ... }
since using a generic, i.e. `foo<E: Extendable<int, I>, I: Iterator<int>>`
means that `foo` takes 2 type parameters, and the caller has to specify them
(which doesn't work anyway, as they'll mismatch with the iterators used in
`foo` itself).
This patch changes it to:
fn foo<E: Extendable<int>>(e: &mut E, ...) { ... }
674 lines
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674 lines
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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
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# Copyright (C) YEAR The Rust Project Developers
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# This file is distributed under the same license as the Rust package.
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# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
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#
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#, fuzzy
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msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Rust 0.8-pre\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-08-05 19:40+0900\n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
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"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
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"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
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"Language: \n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:2
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msgid "% Containers and iterators"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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msgid "# Containers"
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msgstr ""
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msgid "The container traits are defined in the `std::container` module."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:8
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msgid "## Unique and managed vectors"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:12
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msgid ""
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"Vectors have `O(1)` indexing and removal from the end, along with `O(1)` "
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"amortized insertion. Vectors are the most common container in Rust, and are "
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"flexible enough to fit many use cases."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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msgid ""
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"Vectors can also be sorted and used as efficient lookup tables with the "
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"`std::vec::bsearch` function, if all the elements are inserted at one time "
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"and deletions are unnecessary."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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msgid "## Maps and sets"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:22
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msgid ""
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"Maps are collections of unique keys with corresponding values, and sets are "
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"just unique keys without a corresponding value. The `Map` and `Set` traits "
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"in `std::container` define the basic interface."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:24
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msgid "The standard library provides three owned map/set types:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:30
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msgid ""
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"`std::hashmap::HashMap` and `std::hashmap::HashSet`, requiring the keys to "
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"implement `Eq` and `Hash`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:30
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msgid ""
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"`std::trie::TrieMap` and `std::trie::TrieSet`, requiring the keys to be "
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"`uint`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:30
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msgid ""
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"`extra::treemap::TreeMap` and `extra::treemap::TreeSet`, requiring the keys "
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"to implement `TotalOrd`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:34
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msgid ""
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"These maps do not use managed pointers so they can be sent between tasks as "
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"long as the key and value types are sendable. Neither the key or value type "
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"has to be copyable."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:37
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msgid ""
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"The `TrieMap` and `TreeMap` maps are ordered, while `HashMap` uses an "
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"arbitrary order."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:42
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msgid ""
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"Each `HashMap` instance has a random 128-bit key to use with a keyed hash, "
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"making the order of a set of keys in a given hash table randomized. Rust "
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"provides a [SipHash](https://131002.net/siphash/) implementation for any "
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"type implementing the `IterBytes` trait."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:44
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msgid "## Double-ended queues"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:49
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msgid ""
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"The `extra::deque` module implements a double-ended queue with `O(1)` "
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"amortized inserts and removals from both ends of the container. It also has "
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"`O(1)` indexing like a vector. The contained elements are not required to be "
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"copyable, and the queue will be sendable if the contained type is sendable."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:51
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msgid "## Priority queues"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:55
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msgid ""
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"The `extra::priority_queue` module implements a queue ordered by a key. The "
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"contained elements are not required to be copyable, and the queue will be "
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"sendable if the contained type is sendable."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:61
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msgid ""
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"Insertions have `O(log n)` time complexity and checking or popping the "
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"largest element is `O(1)`. Converting a vector to a priority queue can be "
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"done in-place, and has `O(n)` complexity. A priority queue can also be "
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"converted to a sorted vector in-place, allowing it to be used for an `O(n "
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"log n)` in-place heapsort."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:63
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msgid "# Iterators"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:65
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msgid "## Iteration protocol"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:69
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msgid ""
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"The iteration protocol is defined by the `Iterator` trait in the `std::"
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"iterator` module. The minimal implementation of the trait is a `next` "
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"method, yielding the next element from an iterator object:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:73
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msgid "~~~ /// An infinite stream of zeroes struct ZeroStream;"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:80
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {\n"
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" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {\n"
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" Some(0)\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:83
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msgid ""
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"Reaching the end of the iterator is signalled by returning `None` instead of "
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"`Some(item)`:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:89 doc/tutorial-container.md:262
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"~~~\n"
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"/// A stream of N zeroes\n"
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"struct ZeroStream {\n"
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" priv remaining: uint\n"
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"}\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:95
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"impl ZeroStream {\n"
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" fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {\n"
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" ZeroStream { remaining: n }\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:107 doc/tutorial-container.md:284
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {\n"
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" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {\n"
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" if self.remaining == 0 {\n"
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" None\n"
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" } else {\n"
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" self.remaining -= 1;\n"
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" Some(0)\n"
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" }\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:109
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msgid "## Container iterators"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:112
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msgid ""
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"Containers implement iteration over the contained elements by returning an "
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"iterator object. For example, vector slices several iterators available:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:116
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msgid "`iter()` and `rev_iter()`, for immutable references to the elements"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:116
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msgid ""
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"`mut_iter()` and `mut_rev_iter()`, for mutable references to the elements"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Bullet: '* '
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:116
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msgid ""
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"`consume_iter()` and `consume_rev_iter`, to move the elements out by-value"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:119
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msgid ""
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"A typical mutable container will implement at least `iter()`, `mut_iter()` "
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"and `consume_iter()` along with the reverse variants if it maintains an "
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"order."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:121
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msgid "### Freezing"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:125
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msgid ""
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"Unlike most other languages with external iterators, Rust has no *iterator "
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"invalidation*. As long an iterator is still in scope, the compiler will "
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"prevent modification of the container through another handle."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:130
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"~~~\n"
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"let mut xs = [1, 2, 3];\n"
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"{\n"
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" let _it = xs.iter();\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:136
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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" // the vector is frozen for this scope, the compiler will statically\n"
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" // prevent modification\n"
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"}\n"
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"// the vector becomes unfrozen again at the end of the scope\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:139
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msgid ""
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"These semantics are due to most container iterators being implemented with "
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"`&` and `&mut`."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:141
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msgid "## Iterator adaptors"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:145
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msgid ""
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"The `IteratorUtil` trait implements common algorithms as methods extending "
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"every `Iterator` implementation. For example, the `fold` method will "
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"accumulate the items yielded by an `Iterator` into a single value:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:151
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12]; let result = xs.iter().fold(0, |"
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"accumulator, item| accumulator - *item); assert_eq!(result, -41); ~~~"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:153
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msgid ""
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"Some adaptors return an adaptor object implementing the `Iterator` trait "
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"itself:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:160
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12]; let ys = [5, 2, 1, 8]; let sum = xs."
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"iter().chain_(ys.iter()).fold(0, |a, b| a + *b); assert_eq!(sum, 57); ~~~"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:164
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msgid ""
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"Note that some adaptors like the `chain_` method above use a trailing "
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"underscore to work around an issue with method resolve. The underscores will "
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"be dropped when they become unnecessary."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:166
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msgid "## For loops"
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msgstr ""
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:168
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msgid ""
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"The `for` keyword can be used as sugar for iterating through any iterator:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:171
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msgid "~~~ let xs = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17];"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:176
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"// print out all the elements in the vector\n"
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"for x in xs.iter() {\n"
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" println(x.to_str())\n"
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"}\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:182
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"// print out all but the first 3 elements in the vector\n"
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"for x in xs.iter().skip(3) {\n"
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" println(x.to_str())\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:185
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msgid ""
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"For loops are *often* used with a temporary iterator object, as above. They "
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"can also advance the state of an iterator in a mutable location:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:189
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; let ys = [\"foo\", \"bar\", \"baz\", \"foobar"
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"\"];"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:192
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msgid ""
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"// create an iterator yielding tuples of elements from both vectors let mut "
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"it = xs.iter().zip(ys.iter());"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:196
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"// print out the pairs of elements up to (&3, &\"baz\")\n"
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"for (x, y) in it {\n"
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" printfln!(\"%d %s\", *x, *y);\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:201
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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" if *x == 3 {\n"
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" break;\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:204
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msgid ""
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"// yield and print the last pair from the iterator printfln!(\"last: %?\", "
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"it.next());"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:208
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msgid "// the iterator is now fully consumed assert!(it.next().is_none()); ~~~"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:210
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msgid "## Conversion"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:212
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msgid ""
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"Iterators offer generic conversion to containers with the `collect` adaptor:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:218
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]; let ys = xs.rev_iter().skip(1)."
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"transform(|&x| x * 2).collect::<~[int]>(); assert_eq!(ys, ~[10, 6, 4, 2, 2, "
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"0]); ~~~"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:221
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msgid ""
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"The method requires a type hint for the container type, if the surrounding "
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"code does not provide sufficient information."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:225
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msgid ""
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"Containers can provide conversion from iterators through `collect` by "
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"implementing the `FromIterator` trait. For example, the implementation for "
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"vectors is as follows:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:238
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"~~~\n"
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"impl<A> FromIterator<A> for ~[A] {\n"
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" pub fn from_iterator<T: Iterator<A>>(iterator: &mut T) -> ~[A] {\n"
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" let (lower, _) = iterator.size_hint();\n"
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" let mut xs = with_capacity(lower);\n"
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" for x in iterator {\n"
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" xs.push(x);\n"
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" }\n"
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" xs\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:240
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msgid "### Size hints"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:243
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msgid ""
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"The `Iterator` trait provides a `size_hint` default method, returning a "
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"lower bound and optionally on upper bound on the length of the iterator:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:247
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msgid "~~~ fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) { (0, None) } ~~~"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:251
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msgid ""
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"The vector implementation of `FromIterator` from above uses the lower bound "
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"to pre-allocate enough space to hold the minimum number of elements the "
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"iterator will yield."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:254
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msgid ""
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"The default implementation is always correct, but it should be overridden if "
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"the iterator can provide better information."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:256
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msgid ""
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"The `ZeroStream` from earlier can provide an exact lower and upper bound:"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:267
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"impl ZeroStream {\n"
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" fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {\n"
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" ZeroStream { remaining: n }\n"
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" }\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:272
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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" fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) {\n"
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" (self.remaining, Some(self.remaining))\n"
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" }\n"
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"}\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:286
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msgid "## Double-ended iterators"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:290
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msgid ""
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"The `DoubleEndedIterator` trait represents an iterator able to yield "
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"elements from either end of a range. It inherits from the `Iterator` trait "
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"and extends it with the `next_back` function."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:293
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msgid ""
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"A `DoubleEndedIterator` can be flipped with the `invert` adaptor, returning "
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"another `DoubleEndedIterator` with `next` and `next_back` exchanged."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:300
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; let mut it = xs.iter(); printfln!(\"%?\", "
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"it.next()); // prints `Some(&1)` printfln!(\"%?\", it.next()); // prints "
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"`Some(&2)` printfln!(\"%?\", it.next_back()); // prints `Some(&6)`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:306
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"// prints `5`, `4` and `3`\n"
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"for &x in it.invert() {\n"
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" printfln!(\"%?\", x)\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:309
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msgid ""
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"The `rev_iter` and `mut_rev_iter` methods on vectors just return an inverted "
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"version of the standard immutable and mutable vector iterators."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:312
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msgid ""
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"The `chain_`, `transform`, `filter`, `filter_map` and `peek` adaptors are "
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"`DoubleEndedIterator` implementations if the underlying iterators are."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:317
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4]; let ys = [5, 6, 7, 8]; let mut it = xs.iter()."
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"chain_(ys.iter()).transform(|&x| x * 2);"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:319
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msgid "printfln!(\"%?\", it.next()); // prints `Some(2)`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:325
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#, no-wrap
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msgid ""
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"// prints `16`, `14`, `12`, `10`, `8`, `6`, `4`\n"
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"for x in it.invert() {\n"
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" printfln!(\"%?\", x);\n"
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"}\n"
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"~~~\n"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:327
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msgid "## Random-access iterators"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:331
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msgid ""
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"The `RandomAccessIterator` trait represents an iterator offering random "
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"access to the whole range. The `indexable` method retrieves the number of "
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"elements accessible with the `idx` method."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:334
|
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msgid ""
|
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"The `chain_` adaptor is an implementation of `RandomAccessIterator` if the "
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"underlying iterators are."
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:343
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msgid ""
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"~~~ let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; let ys = ~[7, 9, 11]; let mut it = xs.iter()."
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"chain_(ys.iter()); printfln!(\"%?\", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&1)` "
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"printfln!(\"%?\", it.idx(5)); // prints `Some(&7)` printfln!(\"%?\", it."
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"idx(7)); // prints `Some(&11)` printfln!(\"%?\", it.idx(8)); // prints `None`"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:348
|
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msgid ""
|
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"// yield two elements from the beginning, and one from the end it.next(); it."
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"next(); it.next_back();"
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Plain text
|
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#: doc/tutorial-container.md:352
|
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msgid ""
|
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"printfln!(\"%?\", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&3)` printfln!(\"%?\", it."
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"idx(4)); // prints `Some(&9)` printfln!(\"%?\", it.idx(6)); // prints `None` "
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"~~~"
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msgstr ""
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