Ban associated type bounds in bad positions
We should not try to lower associated type bounds into TAITs in positions where `impl Trait` is not allowed (except for in `where` clauses, like `where T: Trait<Assoc: Bound>`).
This is achieved by using the same `rustc_ast_lowering` machinery as impl-trait does to characterize positions as universal/existential/disallowed.
Fixes#106077
Split out the first commit into #108066, since it's not really related.
