Check for duplicate attributes. This adds some checks for duplicate attributes. In many cases, the duplicates were being ignored without error or warning. This adds several kinds of checks (see `AttributeDuplicates` enum). The motivation here is to issue unused warnings with similar reasoning for any unused lint, and to error for cases where there are conflicts. This also adds a check for empty attribute lists in a few attributes where this causes the attribute to be ignored. Closes #55112.
For high-level intro to how type checking works in rustc, see the type checking chapter of the rustc dev guide.