CTFE core engine allocation & memory API improvemenets
This is a first step towards https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/841.
- make `Allocation` API offset-based (no more making up `Pointer`s just to access an `Allocation`)
- make `Memory` API higher-level (combine checking for access and getting access into one operation)
The Miri-side PR is at https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/pull/1804.
r? `@oli-obk`