Implement synchronization scheme for incr. comp. directory
This PR implements a copy-on-write-based synchronization scheme for the incremental compilation cache directory. For technical details, see the documentation at the beginning of `rustc_incremental/persist/fs.rs`.
The PR contains unit tests for some functions but for testing whether the scheme properly handles races, a more elaborate test setup would be needed. It would probably involve a small tool that allows to manipulate the incremental compilation directory in a controlled way and then letting a compiler instance run against directories in different states. I don't know if it's worth the trouble of adding another test category to `compiletest`, but I'd be happy to do so.
Fixes#32754Fixes#34957
2c01bb8851