Visit more targets when validating attributes
This begins to address #80048, allowing for additional validation of attributes.
There are more refactorings that can be done, though I think they should be tackled in additional PRs:
* ICE when a builtin attribute is encountered that is not checked
* Move some of the attr checking done `ast_validation` into `rustc_passes`
* note that this requires a bit of additional refactoring, especially of extern items which currently parse attributes (and thus are a part of the AST) but do not possess attributes in their HIR representation.
* Rename `Target` to `AttributeTarget`
* Refactor attribute validation completely to go through `Visitor::visit_attribute`.
* This would require at a minimum passing `Target` into this method which might be too big of a refactoring to be worth it.
* It's also likely not possible to do all the validation this way as some validation requires knowing what other attributes a target has.
r? `@davidtwco`
ac1d26bcd3