rust/src/libstd/macros.rs
Aaron Turon 6815c2e8e8 Add error module with Error and FromError traits
As per [RFC 70](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/active/0070-error-chaining.md)

Closes #17747

Note that the `error` module must live in `std` in order to refer to `String`.

Note that, until multidispatch lands, the `FromError` trait cannot be
usefully implemented outside of the blanket impl given here.
2014-11-02 15:25:38 -08:00

659 lines
21 KiB
Rust

// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.
//! Standard library macros
//!
//! This modules contains a set of macros which are exported from the standard
//! library. Each macro is available for use when linking against the standard
//! library.
#![experimental]
#![macro_escape]
/// The entry point for panic of Rust tasks.
///
/// This macro is used to inject panic into a Rust task, causing the task to
/// unwind and panic entirely. Each task's panic can be reaped as the
/// `Box<Any>` type, and the single-argument form of the `panic!` macro will be
/// the value which is transmitted.
///
/// The multi-argument form of this macro panics with a string and has the
/// `format!` syntax for building a string.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```should_fail
/// # #![allow(unreachable_code)]
/// panic!();
/// panic!("this is a terrible mistake!");
/// panic!(4i); // panic with the value of 4 to be collected elsewhere
/// panic!("this is a {} {message}", "fancy", message = "message");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! panic(
() => ({
panic!("explicit panic")
});
($msg:expr) => ({
// static requires less code at runtime, more constant data
static _FILE_LINE: (&'static str, uint) = (file!(), line!());
::std::rt::begin_unwind($msg, &_FILE_LINE)
});
($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
// a closure can't have return type !, so we need a full
// function to pass to format_args!, *and* we need the
// file and line numbers right here; so an inner bare fn
// is our only choice.
//
// LLVM doesn't tend to inline this, presumably because begin_unwind_fmt
// is #[cold] and #[inline(never)] and because this is flagged as cold
// as returning !. We really do want this to be inlined, however,
// because it's just a tiny wrapper. Small wins (156K to 149K in size)
// were seen when forcing this to be inlined, and that number just goes
// up with the number of calls to panic!()
//
// The leading _'s are to avoid dead code warnings if this is
// used inside a dead function. Just `#[allow(dead_code)]` is
// insufficient, since the user may have
// `#[forbid(dead_code)]` and which cannot be overridden.
#[inline(always)]
fn _run_fmt(fmt: &::std::fmt::Arguments) -> ! {
static _FILE_LINE: (&'static str, uint) = (file!(), line!());
::std::rt::begin_unwind_fmt(fmt, &_FILE_LINE)
}
format_args!(_run_fmt, $fmt, $($arg)*)
});
)
/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// assert!(true);
/// # fn some_computation() -> bool { true }
/// assert!(some_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// # let x = true;
/// assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
/// # let a = 3i; let b = 27i;
/// assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! assert(
($cond:expr) => (
if !$cond {
panic!(concat!("assertion failed: ", stringify!($cond)))
}
);
($cond:expr, $($arg:expr),+) => (
if !$cond {
panic!($($arg),+)
}
);
)
/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other, testing equality in
/// both directions.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3i;
/// let b = 1i + 2i;
/// assert_eq!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! assert_eq(
($given:expr , $expected:expr) => ({
match (&($given), &($expected)) {
(given_val, expected_val) => {
// check both directions of equality....
if !((*given_val == *expected_val) &&
(*expected_val == *given_val)) {
panic!("assertion failed: `(left == right) && (right == left)` \
(left: `{}`, right: `{}`)", *given_val, *expected_val)
}
}
}
})
)
/// Ensure that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime.
///
/// This will invoke the `panic!` macro if the provided expression cannot be
/// evaluated to `true` at runtime.
///
/// Unlike `assert!`, `debug_assert!` statements can be disabled by passing
/// `--cfg ndebug` to the compiler. This makes `debug_assert!` useful for
/// checks that are too expensive to be present in a release build but may be
/// helpful during development.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the
/// // expression given.
/// debug_assert!(true);
/// # fn some_expensive_computation() -> bool { true }
/// debug_assert!(some_expensive_computation());
///
/// // assert with a custom message
/// # let x = true;
/// debug_assert!(x, "x wasn't true!");
/// # let a = 3i; let b = 27i;
/// debug_assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! debug_assert(
($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(not(ndebug)) { assert!($($arg)*); })
)
/// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other, testing equality in
/// both directions.
///
/// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions.
///
/// Unlike `assert_eq!`, `debug_assert_eq!` statements can be disabled by
/// passing `--cfg ndebug` to the compiler. This makes `debug_assert_eq!`
/// useful for checks that are too expensive to be present in a release build
/// but may be helpful during development.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let a = 3i;
/// let b = 1i + 2i;
/// debug_assert_eq!(a, b);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! debug_assert_eq(
($($arg:tt)*) => (if cfg!(not(ndebug)) { assert_eq!($($arg)*); })
)
/// A utility macro for indicating unreachable code. It will panic if
/// executed. This is occasionally useful to put after loops that never
/// terminate normally, but instead directly return from a function.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```{.rust}
/// struct Item { weight: uint }
///
/// fn choose_weighted_item(v: &[Item]) -> Item {
/// assert!(!v.is_empty());
/// let mut so_far = 0u;
/// for item in v.iter() {
/// so_far += item.weight;
/// if so_far > 100 {
/// return *item;
/// }
/// }
/// // The above loop always returns, so we must hint to the
/// // type checker that it isn't possible to get down here
/// unreachable!();
/// }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! unreachable(
() => (panic!("internal error: entered unreachable code"))
)
/// A standardised placeholder for marking unfinished code. It panics with the
/// message `"not yet implemented"` when executed.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! unimplemented(
() => (panic!("not yet implemented"))
)
/// Use the syntax described in `std::fmt` to create a value of type `String`.
/// See `std::fmt` for more information.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// format!("test");
/// format!("hello {}", "world!");
/// format!("x = {}, y = {y}", 10i, y = 30i);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! format(
($($arg:tt)*) => (
format_args!(::std::fmt::format, $($arg)*)
)
)
/// Use the `format!` syntax to write data into a buffer of type `&mut Writer`.
/// See `std::fmt` for more information.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// # #![allow(unused_must_use)]
/// use std::io::MemWriter;
///
/// let mut w = MemWriter::new();
/// write!(&mut w, "test");
/// write!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! write(
($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => ({
format_args_method!($dst, write_fmt, $($arg)*)
})
)
/// Equivalent to the `write!` macro, except that a newline is appended after
/// the message is written.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! writeln(
($dst:expr, $fmt:expr $($arg:tt)*) => (
write!($dst, concat!($fmt, "\n") $($arg)*)
)
)
/// Equivalent to the `println!` macro except that a newline is not printed at
/// the end of the message.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! print(
($($arg:tt)*) => (format_args!(::std::io::stdio::print_args, $($arg)*))
)
/// Macro for printing to a task's stdout handle.
///
/// Each task can override its stdout handle via `std::io::stdio::set_stdout`.
/// The syntax of this macro is the same as that used for `format!`. For more
/// information, see `std::fmt` and `std::io::stdio`.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// println!("hello there!");
/// println!("format {} arguments", "some");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! println(
($($arg:tt)*) => (format_args!(::std::io::stdio::println_args, $($arg)*))
)
/// Declare a task-local key with a specific type.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// local_data_key!(my_integer: int)
///
/// my_integer.replace(Some(2));
/// println!("{}", my_integer.get().map(|a| *a));
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! local_data_key(
($name:ident: $ty:ty) => (
#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
static $name: ::std::local_data::Key<$ty> = &::std::local_data::KeyValueKey;
);
(pub $name:ident: $ty:ty) => (
#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
pub static $name: ::std::local_data::Key<$ty> = &::std::local_data::KeyValueKey;
);
)
/// Helper macro for unwrapping `Result` values while returning early with an
/// error if the value of the expression is `Err`. For more information, see
/// `std::io`.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! try (
($expr:expr) => ({
match $expr {
Ok(val) => val,
Err(err) => return Err(::std::error::FromError::from_error(err))
}
})
)
/// Create a `std::vec::Vec` containing the arguments.
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! vec[
($($x:expr),*) => ({
use std::slice::BoxedSlice;
let xs: ::std::boxed::Box<[_]> = box [$($x),*];
xs.into_vec()
});
($($x:expr,)*) => (vec![$($x),*])
]
/// A macro to select an event from a number of receivers.
///
/// This macro is used to wait for the first event to occur on a number of
/// receivers. It places no restrictions on the types of receivers given to
/// this macro, this can be viewed as a heterogeneous select.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let (tx1, rx1) = channel();
/// let (tx2, rx2) = channel();
/// # fn long_running_task() {}
/// # fn calculate_the_answer() -> int { 42i }
///
/// spawn(proc() { long_running_task(); tx1.send(()) });
/// spawn(proc() { tx2.send(calculate_the_answer()) });
///
/// select! (
/// () = rx1.recv() => println!("the long running task finished first"),
/// answer = rx2.recv() => {
/// println!("the answer was: {}", answer);
/// }
/// )
/// ```
///
/// For more information about select, see the `std::comm::Select` structure.
#[macro_export]
#[experimental]
macro_rules! select {
(
$($name:pat = $rx:ident.$meth:ident() => $code:expr),+
) => ({
use std::comm::Select;
let sel = Select::new();
$( let mut $rx = sel.handle(&$rx); )+
unsafe {
$( $rx.add(); )+
}
let ret = sel.wait();
$( if ret == $rx.id() { let $name = $rx.$meth(); $code } else )+
{ unreachable!() }
})
}
// When testing the standard library, we link to the liblog crate to get the
// logging macros. In doing so, the liblog crate was linked against the real
// version of libstd, and uses a different std::fmt module than the test crate
// uses. To get around this difference, we redefine the log!() macro here to be
// just a dumb version of what it should be.
#[cfg(test)]
macro_rules! log (
($lvl:expr, $($args:tt)*) => (
if log_enabled!($lvl) { println!($($args)*) }
)
)
/// Built-in macros to the compiler itself.
///
/// These macros do not have any corresponding definition with a `macro_rules!`
/// macro, but are documented here. Their implementations can be found hardcoded
/// into libsyntax itself.
#[cfg(dox)]
pub mod builtin {
/// The core macro for formatted string creation & output.
///
/// This macro takes as its first argument a callable expression which will
/// receive as its first argument a value of type `&fmt::Arguments`. This
/// value can be passed to the functions in `std::fmt` for performing useful
/// functions. All other formatting macros (`format!`, `write!`,
/// `println!`, etc) are proxied through this one.
///
/// For more information, see the documentation in `std::fmt`.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use std::fmt;
///
/// let s = format_args!(fmt::format, "hello {}", "world");
/// assert_eq!(s, format!("hello {}", "world"));
///
/// format_args!(|args| {
/// // pass `args` to another function, etc.
/// }, "hello {}", "world");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! format_args( ($closure:expr, $fmt:expr $($args:tt)*) => ({
/* compiler built-in */
}) )
/// Inspect an environment variable at compile time.
///
/// This macro will expand to the value of the named environment variable at
/// compile time, yielding an expression of type `&'static str`.
///
/// If the environment variable is not defined, then a compilation error
/// will be emitted. To not emit a compile error, use the `option_env!`
/// macro instead.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// let path: &'static str = env!("PATH");
/// println!("the $PATH variable at the time of compiling was: {}", path);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! env( ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Optionally inspect an environment variable at compile time.
///
/// If the named environment variable is present at compile time, this will
/// expand into an expression of type `Option<&'static str>` whose value is
/// `Some` of the value of the environment variable. If the environment
/// variable is not present, then this will expand to `None`.
///
/// A compile time error is never emitted when using this macro regardless
/// of whether the environment variable is present or not.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// let key: Option<&'static str> = option_env!("SECRET_KEY");
/// println!("the secret key might be: {}", key);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! option_env( ($name:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Concatenate literals into a static byte slice.
///
/// This macro takes any number of comma-separated literal expressions,
/// yielding an expression of type `&'static [u8]` which is the
/// concatenation (left to right) of all the literals in their byte format.
///
/// This extension currently only supports string literals, character
/// literals, and integers less than 256. The byte slice returned is the
/// utf8-encoding of strings and characters.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let rust = bytes!("r", 'u', "st", 255);
/// assert_eq!(rust[1], b'u');
/// assert_eq!(rust[4], 255);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! bytes( ($($e:expr),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Concatenate identifiers into one identifier.
///
/// This macro takes any number of comma-separated identifiers, and
/// concatenates them all into one, yielding an expression which is a new
/// identifier. Note that hygiene makes it such that this macro cannot
/// capture local variables, and macros are only allowed in item,
/// statement or expression position, meaning this macro may be difficult to
/// use in some situations.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// #![feature(concat_idents)]
///
/// # fn main() {
/// fn foobar() -> int { 23 }
///
/// let f = concat_idents!(foo, bar);
/// println!("{}", f());
/// # }
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! concat_idents( ($($e:ident),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Concatenates literals into a static string slice.
///
/// This macro takes any number of comma-separated literals, yielding an
/// expression of type `&'static str` which represents all of the literals
/// concatenated left-to-right.
///
/// Integer and floating point literals are stringified in order to be
/// concatenated.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let s = concat!("test", 10i, 'b', true);
/// assert_eq!(s, "test10btrue");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! concat( ($($e:expr),*) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// A macro which expands to the line number on which it was invoked.
///
/// The expanded expression has type `uint`, and the returned line is not
/// the invocation of the `line!()` macro itself, but rather the first macro
/// invocation leading up to the invocation of the `line!()` macro.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let current_line = line!();
/// println!("defined on line: {}", current_line);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! line( () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// A macro which expands to the column number on which it was invoked.
///
/// The expanded expression has type `uint`, and the returned column is not
/// the invocation of the `col!()` macro itself, but rather the first macro
/// invocation leading up to the invocation of the `col!()` macro.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let current_col = col!();
/// println!("defined on column: {}", current_col);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! col( () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// A macro which expands to the file name from which it was invoked.
///
/// The expanded expression has type `&'static str`, and the returned file
/// is not the invocation of the `file!()` macro itself, but rather the
/// first macro invocation leading up to the invocation of the `file!()`
/// macro.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let this_file = file!();
/// println!("defined in file: {}", this_file);
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! file( () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// A macro which stringifies its argument.
///
/// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static str` which is the
/// stringification of all the tokens passed to the macro. No restrictions
/// are placed on the syntax of the macro invocation itself.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// let one_plus_one = stringify!(1 + 1);
/// assert_eq!(one_plus_one, "1 + 1");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! stringify( ($t:tt) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Includes a utf8-encoded file as a string.
///
/// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static str` which is the
/// contents of the filename specified. The file is located relative to the
/// current file (similarly to how modules are found),
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// let secret_key = include_str!("secret-key.ascii");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! include_str( ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Includes a file as a byte slice.
///
/// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static [u8]` which is
/// the contents of the filename specified. The file is located relative to
/// the current file (similarly to how modules are found),
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// let secret_key = include_bin!("secret-key.bin");
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! include_bin( ($file:expr) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Expands to a string that represents the current module path.
///
/// The current module path can be thought of as the hierarchy of modules
/// leading back up to the crate root. The first component of the path
/// returned is the name of the crate currently being compiled.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// mod test {
/// pub fn foo() {
/// assert!(module_path!().ends_with("test"));
/// }
/// }
///
/// test::foo();
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! module_path( () => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
/// Boolean evaluation of configuration flags.
///
/// In addition to the `#[cfg]` attribute, this macro is provided to allow
/// boolean expression evaluation of configuration flags. This frequently
/// leads to less duplicated code.
///
/// The syntax given to this macro is the same syntax as the `cfg`
/// attribute.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// let my_directory = if cfg!(windows) {
/// "windows-specific-directory"
/// } else {
/// "unix-directory"
/// };
/// ```
#[macro_export]
macro_rules! cfg( ($cfg:tt) => ({ /* compiler built-in */ }) )
}