Add a generic CAS loop to std::sync::Atomic*
This adds two new methods to both `AtomicIsize` and `AtomicUsize` with optimized safe compare-and-set loops, so users will no longer need to write their own, except in *very* strange circumstances.
`update_and_fetch` will apply the function and return its result, whereas `fetch_and_update` will apply the function and return the previous value.
This solves #48384 with `x.update_and_fetch(|x| x.max(y))`. It also relates to #48655 (which I misuse as tracking issue for now)..
*note* This *might* need a crater run because the functions could clash with third party extension traits.
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