Michael Goulet 28b92bae2e
Rollup merge of #98410 - ehuss:update-books, r=ehuss
Update books

## reference

6 commits in 683bfe5cd64d589c6a1645312ab5f93b6385ccbb..9fce337a55ee4a4629205f6094656195cecad231
2022-05-27 11:54:20 -0700 to 2022-06-22 13:59:28 -0700
- Remove outdated restriction on recursive types (rust-lang/reference#1231)
- Clarify "string continue" for (byte) string literals (rust-lang/reference#1042)
- Add a note to the turbofish section about impl Trait (rust-lang/reference#1212)
- modify confusing variance example (rust-lang/reference#1224)
- Add stable references of `macro_metavar_expr` (rust-lang/reference#1192)
- Document native library modifier `bundle` (rust-lang/reference#1210)

## book

33 commits in 396fdb69de7fb18f24b15c7ad13491b1c1fa7231..efbafdba3618487fbc9305318fcab9775132ac15
2022-06-08 10:02:35 -0400 to 2022-06-19 21:06:50 -0400
- Propagate tech review edits to appendices to src
- Tech review comments and further edits to the appendices
- Duplicate fragment "mutation and borrowing"
- Propagate ch20 tech review edits to src
- Edits in response to tech review of chapter 20
- Comments from tech review on chapter 20
- Propagate ch7 tech review edits to src
- Responding to tech review of ch7
- Tech review comments on ch7
- Propagate ch19 tech review edits to src
- Responses to tech review of ch19
- Tech review comments on ch 19
- Update ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md
- Add more explanation to CONTRIBUTING about the nostarch directory
- Duplicate sentence
- Missing period
- Regenerate ch09-02 error messages
- Change some print formatting styles in ch18
- Propagate tech review ch18 edits to src
- Responses to tech review comments of chapter 18
- Chapter 18 from tech review
- Snapshot of introduction for nostarch
- Propagate edits of ch1 to src
- Edits to edits to chapter 1
- Edits from nostarch for chapter 1
- Update Visual Studio instructions for 2022
- bugfix/typo-ch10-01 Fix typo in chapter ch10-01
- Tweak rustfmt slightly for these listings
- Propagate edits to ch13 to src
- Responses to nostarch edits to ch13
- Edits to ch13 from nostarch
- Apply complex Clippy recommendation
- Apply Clippy recommendations: `cargo clippy --fix`

## rust-by-example

4 commits in dbb7e5e2345ee26199ffba218156b6009016a20c..1095df2a5850f2d345fad43a30633133365875ba
2022-06-02 16:30:51 -0300 to 2022-06-18 21:47:12 -0300
- Add example for `array.get()` (rust-lang/rust-by-example#1554)
- Example improvements (rust-lang/rust-by-example#1552)
- Fix for a set of typos (rust-lang/rust-by-example#1551)
- Make guard examples clearer around `_` (rust-lang/rust-by-example#1550)

## rustc-dev-guide

11 commits in 6e4d6435db89bcc027b1bba9742e4f59666f5412..048d925f0a955aac601c4160c0e7f05771bcf63b
2022-06-08 08:06:32 +0900 to 2022-06-21 22:25:34 +0900
- not obvious what Ex is, so rather get rid (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1372)
- small improves (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1371)
- make clear that other versions can work (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1373)
- Fix small `src/diagnostics.md` typo (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1370)
- Add an "is" and rearange "We next" to "Next, we" (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1369)
- diagnostics: add translation documentation
- diagnostics: line wrapping/heading changes
- later -> latter
- Remove mention of -Zborrowck=mir with Polonius. (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1367)
- Remove nll compare mode. (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1366)
- add section on user types (rust-lang/rustc-dev-guide#1359)

## embedded-book

1 commits in cbb494f96da3268c2925bdadc65ca83d42f2d4ef..e17dcef5e96346ee3d7fa56820ddc7e5c39636bc
2022-05-26 06:58:43 +0000 to 2022-06-19 10:28:00 +0000
- Fix a typo  (rust-embedded/book#319)
2022-06-23 14:39:18 -07:00
2021-02-02 18:13:18 +01:00
2022-02-01 17:14:59 +01:00
2022-03-23 11:42:13 -07:00
2022-05-19 14:13:13 -05:00
2022-06-21 15:40:08 -05:00
2022-06-18 11:20:51 -04:00

The Rust Programming Language

This is the main source code repository for Rust. It contains the compiler, standard library, and documentation.

Note: this README is for users rather than contributors. If you wish to contribute to the compiler, you should read the Getting Started section of the rustc-dev-guide instead. You can ask for help in the #new members Zulip stream.

Quick Start

Read "Installation" from The Book.

Installing from Source

The Rust build system uses a Python script called x.py to build the compiler, which manages the bootstrapping process. It lives in the root of the project.

The x.py command can be run directly on most systems in the following format:

./x.py <subcommand> [flags]

This is how the documentation and examples assume you are running x.py.

Systems such as Ubuntu 20.04 LTS do not create the necessary python command by default when Python is installed that allows x.py to be run directly. In that case you can either create a symlink for python (Ubuntu provides the python-is-python3 package for this), or run x.py using Python itself:

# Python 3
python3 x.py <subcommand> [flags]

# Python 2.7
python2.7 x.py <subcommand> [flags]

More information about x.py can be found by running it with the --help flag or reading the rustc dev guide.

Building on a Unix-like system

  1. Make sure you have installed the dependencies:

    • g++ 5.1 or later or clang++ 3.5 or later
    • python 3 or 2.7
    • GNU make 3.81 or later
    • cmake 3.13.4 or later
    • ninja
    • curl
    • git
    • ssl which comes in libssl-dev or openssl-devel
    • pkg-config if you are compiling on Linux and targeting Linux
  2. Clone the source with git:

    git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rust.git
    cd rust
    
  1. Configure the build settings:

    The Rust build system uses a file named config.toml in the root of the source tree to determine various configuration settings for the build. Copy the default config.toml.example to config.toml to get started.

    cp config.toml.example config.toml
    

    If you plan to use x.py install to create an installation, it is recommended that you set the prefix value in the [install] section to a directory.

    Create install directory if you are not installing in default directory.

  2. Build and install:

    ./x.py build && ./x.py install
    

    When complete, ./x.py install will place several programs into $PREFIX/bin: rustc, the Rust compiler, and rustdoc, the API-documentation tool. This install does not include Cargo, Rust's package manager. To build and install Cargo, you may run ./x.py install cargo or set the build.extended key in config.toml to true to build and install all tools.

Building on Windows

There are two prominent ABIs in use on Windows: the native (MSVC) ABI used by Visual Studio, and the GNU ABI used by the GCC toolchain. Which version of Rust you need depends largely on what C/C++ libraries you want to interoperate with: for interop with software produced by Visual Studio use the MSVC build of Rust; for interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain use the GNU build.

MinGW

MSYS2 can be used to easily build Rust on Windows:

  1. Grab the latest MSYS2 installer and go through the installer.

  2. Run mingw32_shell.bat or mingw64_shell.bat from wherever you installed MSYS2 (i.e. C:\msys64), depending on whether you want 32-bit or 64-bit Rust. (As of the latest version of MSYS2 you have to run msys2_shell.cmd -mingw32 or msys2_shell.cmd -mingw64 from the command line instead)

  3. From this terminal, install the required tools:

    # Update package mirrors (may be needed if you have a fresh install of MSYS2)
    pacman -Sy pacman-mirrors
    
    # Install build tools needed for Rust. If you're building a 32-bit compiler,
    # then replace "x86_64" below with "i686". If you've already got git, python,
    # or CMake installed and in PATH you can remove them from this list. Note
    # that it is important that you do **not** use the 'python2', 'cmake' and 'ninja'
    # packages from the 'msys2' subsystem. The build has historically been known
    # to fail with these packages.
    pacman -S git \
                make \
                diffutils \
                tar \
                mingw-w64-x86_64-python \
                mingw-w64-x86_64-cmake \
                mingw-w64-x86_64-gcc \
                mingw-w64-x86_64-ninja
    
  4. Navigate to Rust's source code (or clone it), then build it:

    ./x.py build && ./x.py install
    

MSVC

MSVC builds of Rust additionally require an installation of Visual Studio 2017 (or later) so rustc can use its linker. The simplest way is to get the Visual Studio, check the “C++ build tools” and “Windows 10 SDK” workload.

(If you're installing cmake yourself, be careful that “C++ CMake tools for Windows” doesn't get included under “Individual components”.)

With these dependencies installed, you can build the compiler in a cmd.exe shell with:

python x.py build

Currently, building Rust only works with some known versions of Visual Studio. If you have a more recent version installed and the build system doesn't understand, you may need to force rustbuild to use an older version. This can be done by manually calling the appropriate vcvars file before running the bootstrap.

CALL "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
python x.py build

Specifying an ABI

Each specific ABI can also be used from either environment (for example, using the GNU ABI in PowerShell) by using an explicit build triple. The available Windows build triples are:

  • GNU ABI (using GCC)
    • i686-pc-windows-gnu
    • x86_64-pc-windows-gnu
  • The MSVC ABI
    • i686-pc-windows-msvc
    • x86_64-pc-windows-msvc

The build triple can be specified by either specifying --build=<triple> when invoking x.py commands, or by copying the config.toml file (as described in Installing From Source), and modifying the build option under the [build] section.

Configure and Make

While it's not the recommended build system, this project also provides a configure script and makefile (the latter of which just invokes x.py).

./configure
make && sudo make install

When using the configure script, the generated config.mk file may override the config.toml file. To go back to the config.toml file, delete the generated config.mk file.

Building Documentation

If youd like to build the documentation, its almost the same:

./x.py doc

The generated documentation will appear under doc in the build directory for the ABI used. I.e., if the ABI was x86_64-pc-windows-msvc, the directory will be build\x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\doc.

Notes

Since the Rust compiler is written in Rust, it must be built by a precompiled "snapshot" version of itself (made in an earlier stage of development). As such, source builds require a connection to the Internet, to fetch snapshots, and an OS that can execute the available snapshot binaries.

Snapshot binaries are currently built and tested on several platforms:

Platform / Architecture x86 x86_64
Windows (7, 8, 10, ...)
Linux (kernel 2.6.32, glibc 2.11 or later)
macOS (10.7 Lion or later) (*)

(*): Apple dropped support for running 32-bit binaries starting from macOS 10.15 and iOS 11. Due to this decision from Apple, the targets are no longer useful to our users. Please read our blog post for more info.

You may find that other platforms work, but these are our officially supported build environments that are most likely to work.

Getting Help

The Rust community congregates in a few places:

Contributing

If you are interested in contributing to the Rust project, please take a look at the Getting Started guide in the rustc-dev-guide.

License

Rust is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the Apache License (Version 2.0), with portions covered by various BSD-like licenses.

See LICENSE-APACHE, LICENSE-MIT, and COPYRIGHT for details.

Trademark

The Rust Foundation owns and protects the Rust and Cargo trademarks and logos (the “Rust Trademarks”).

If you want to use these names or brands, please read the media guide.

Third-party logos may be subject to third-party copyrights and trademarks. See Licenses for details.

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