Introduce stricter checks for might_permit_raw_init under a debug flag
This is intended to be a version of the strict checks tried out in #79296, but also checking number validity (under the assumption that `let _ = std::mem::uninitialized::<u32>()` is UB, which seems to be what https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/71 is leaning towards.)