16a6ebd1f6
This pulls all of our long-form documentation into a single document, nicknamed "the book" and formally titled "The Rust Programming Language." A few things motivated this change: * People knew of The Guide, but not the individual Guides. This merges them together, helping discoverability. * You can get all of Rust's longform documentation in one place, which is nice. * We now have rustbook in-tree, which can generate this kind of documentation. While its style is basic, the general idea is much better: a table of contents on the left-hand side. * Rather than a almost 10,000-line guide.md, there are now smaller files per section.
1387 lines
71 KiB
Markdown
1387 lines
71 KiB
Markdown
Version 1.0.0-alpha (January 2015)
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----------------------------------
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* ~2400 changes, numerous bugfixes
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* Highlights
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* The language itself is considered feature complete for 1.0,
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though there will be many usability improvements and bugfixes
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before the final release.
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* Nearly 50% of the public API surface of the standard library has
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been declared 'stable'. Those interfaces are unlikely to change
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before 1.0.
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* The long-running debate over integer types has been
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[settled][ints]: Rust will ship with types named `isize` and
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`usize`, rather than `int` and `uint`, for pointer-sized
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integers. Guidelines will be rolled out during the alpha cycle.
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* Most crates that are not `std` have been moved out of the Rust
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distribution into the Cargo ecosystem so they can evolve
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separately and don't need to be stabilized as quickly, including
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'time', 'getopts', 'num', 'regex', and 'term'.
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* Documentation continues to be expanded with more API coverage, more
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examples, and more in-depth explanations. The guides have been
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consolidated into [The Rust Programming Language][trpl].
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* "Rust By Example" is now maintained by the Rust team.
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* All official Rust binary installers now come with [Cargo], the
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Rust package manager.
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* Language
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* Closures have been [completely redesigned][unboxed] to be
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implemented in terms of traits, can now be used as generic type
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bounds and thus monomorphized and inlined, or via an opaque
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pointer (boxed) as in the old system. The new system is often
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referred to as 'unboxed' closures.
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* Traits now support [associated types][assoc], allowing families
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of related types to be defined together and used generically in
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powerful ways.
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* Enum variants are [namespaced by their type names][enum].
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* [`where` clauses][where] provide a more versatile and attractive
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syntax for specifying generic bounds, though the previous syntax
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remains valid.
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* Rust again picks a [fallback][fb] (either i32 or f64) for uninferred
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numeric types.
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* Rust [no longer has a runtime][rt] of any description, and only
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supports OS threads, not green threads.
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* At long last, Rust has been overhauled for 'dynamically-sized
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types' ([DST]), which integrates 'fat pointers' (object types,
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arrays, and `str`) more deeply into the type system, making it
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more consistent.
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* Rust now has a general [range syntax][range], `i..j`, `i..`, and
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`..j` that produce range types and which, when combined with the
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`Index` operator and multidispatch, leads to a convenient slice
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notation, `[i..j]`.
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* The new range syntax revealed an ambiguity in the fixed-length
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array syntax, so now fixed length arrays [are written `[T;
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N]`][arrays].
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* The `Copy` trait is no longer implemented automatically. Unsafe
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pointers no longer implement `Sync` and `Send` so types
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containing them don't automatically either. `Sync` and `Send`
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are now 'unsafe traits' so one can "forcibly" implement them via
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`unsafe impl` if a type confirms to the requirements for them
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even though the internals do not (e.g. structs containing unsafe
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pointers like `Arc`). These changes are intended to prevent some
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footguns and are collectively known as [opt-in built-in
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traits][oibit] (though `Sync` and `Send` will soon become pure
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library types unknown to the compiler).
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* Operator traits now take their operands [by value][ops], and
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comparison traits can use multidispatch to compare one type
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against multiple other types, allowing e.g. `String` to be
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compared with `&str`.
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* `if let` and `while let` are no longer feature-gated.
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* Rust has adopted a more [uniform syntax for escaping unicode
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characters][unicode].
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* `macro_rules!` [has been declared stable][mac]. Though it is a
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flawed system it is sufficiently popular that it must be usable
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for 1.0. Effort has gone into [future-proofing][mac-future] it
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in ways that will allow other macro systems to be developed in
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parallel, and won't otherwise impact the evolution of the
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language.
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* The prelude has been [pared back significantly][prelude] such
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that it is the minimum necessary to support the most pervasive
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code patterns, and through [generalized where clauses][where]
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many of the prelude extension traits have been consolidated.
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* Rust's rudimentary reflection [has been removed][refl], as it
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incurred too much code generation for little benefit.
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* [Struct variants][structvars] are no longer feature-gated.
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* Trait bounds can be [polymorphic over lifetimes][hrtb]. Also
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known as 'higher-ranked trait bounds', this crucially allows
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unboxed closures to work.
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* Macros invocations surrounded by parens or square brackets and
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not terminated by a semicolon are [parsed as
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expressions][macros], which makes expressions like `vec![1i32,
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2, 3].len()` work as expected.
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* Trait objects now implement their traits automatically, and
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traits that can be coerced to objects now must be [object
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safe][objsafe].
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* Automatically deriving traits is now done with `#[derive(...)]`
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not `#[deriving(...)]` for [consistency with other naming
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conventions][derive].
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* Importing the containing module or enum at the same time as
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items or variants they contain is [now done with `self` instead
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of `mod`][self], as in use `foo::{self, bar}`
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* Glob imports are no longer feature-gated.
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* The `box` operator and `box` patterns have been feature-gated
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pending a redesign. For now unique boxes should be allocated
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like other containers, with `Box::new`.
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* Libraries
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* A [series][coll1] of [efforts][coll2] to establish
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[conventions][coll3] for collections types has resulted in API
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improvements throughout the standard library.
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* New [APIs for error handling][err] provide ergonomic interop
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between error types, and [new conventions][err-conv] describe
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more clearly the recommended error handling strategies in Rust.
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* The `fail!` macro has been renamed to [`panic!`][panic] so that
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it is easier to discuss failure in the context of error handling
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without making clarifications as to whether you are referring to
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the 'fail' macro or failure more generally.
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* On Linux, `OsRng` prefers the new, more reliable `getrandom`
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syscall when available.
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* The 'serialize' crate has been renamed 'rustc-serialize' and
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moved out of the distribution to Cargo. Although it is widely
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used now, it is expected to be superceded in the near future.
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* The `Show` formatter, typically implemented with
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`#[derive(Show)]` is [now requested with the `{:?}`
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specifier][show] and is intended for use by all types, for uses
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such as `println!` debugging. The new `String` formatter must be
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implemented by hand, uses the `{}` specifier, and is intended
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for full-fidelity conversions of things that can logically be
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represented as strings.
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* Tooling
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* [Flexible target specification][flex] allows rustc's code
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generation to be configured to support otherwise-unsupported
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platforms.
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* Rust comes with rust-gdb and rust-lldb scripts that launch their
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respective debuggers with Rust-appropriate pretty-printing.
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* The Windows installation of Rust is distributed with the the
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MinGW components currently required to link binaries on that
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platform.
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* Misc
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* Nullable enum optimizations have been extended to more types so
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that e.g. `Option<Vec<T>>` and `Option<String>` take up no more
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space than the inner types themselves.
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* Work has begun on supporting AArch64.
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[Cargo]: https://crates.io
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[unboxed]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/11/26/purging-proc/
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[enum]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0390-enum-namespacing.md
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[flex]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0131-target-specification.md
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[err]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0201-error-chaining.md
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[err-conv]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0236-error-conventions.md
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[rt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0230-remove-runtime.md
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[mac]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0453-macro-reform.md
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[mac-future]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/550
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[DST]: http://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2014/01/05/dst-take-5/
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[coll1]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0235-collections-conventions.md
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[coll2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0509-collections-reform-part-2.md
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[coll3]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0216-collection-views.md
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[ops]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md
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[prelude]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0503-prelude-stabilization.md
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[where]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0135-where.md
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[refl]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0379-remove-reflection.md
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[panic]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0221-panic.md
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[structvars]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0418-struct-variants.md
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[hrtb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0387-higher-ranked-trait-bounds.md
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[unicode]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0446-es6-unicode-escapes.md
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[oibit]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0019-opt-in-builtin-traits.md
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[macros]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0378-expr-macros.md
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[range]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0439-cmp-ops-reform.md#indexing-and-slicing
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[arrays]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0520-new-array-repeat-syntax.md
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[show]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0504-show-stabilization.md
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[derive]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0534-deriving2derive.md
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[self]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0532-self-in-use.md
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[fb]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0212-restore-int-fallback.md
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[objsafe]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0255-object-safety.md
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[assoc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/0195-associated-items.md
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[ints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/544#issuecomment-68760871
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[trpl]: http://doc.rust-lang.org/book/index.html
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Version 0.12.0 (October 2014)
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-----------------------------
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* ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
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* Highlights
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* The introductory documentation (now called The Rust Guide) has
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been completely rewritten, as have a number of supplementary
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guides.
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* Rust's package manager, Cargo, continues to improve and is
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sometimes considered to be quite awesome.
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* Many API's in `std` have been reviewed and updated for
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consistency with the in-development Rust coding
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guidelines. The standard library documentation tracks
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stabilization progress.
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* Minor libraries have been moved out-of-tree to the rust-lang org
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on GitHub: uuid, semver, glob, num, hexfloat, fourcc. They can
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be installed with Cargo.
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* Lifetime elision allows lifetime annotations to be left off of
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function declarations in many common scenarios.
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* Rust now works on 64-bit Windows.
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* Language
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* Indexing can be overloaded with the `Index` and `IndexMut`
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traits.
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* The `if let` construct takes a branch only if the `let` pattern
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matches, currently behind the 'if_let' feature gate.
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* 'where clauses', a more flexible syntax for specifying trait
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bounds that is more aesthetic, have been added for traits and
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free functions. Where clauses will in the future make it
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possible to constrain associated types, which would be
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impossible with the existing syntax.
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* A new slicing syntax (e.g. `[0..4]`) has been introduced behind
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the 'slicing_syntax' feature gate, and can be overloaded with
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the `Slice` or `SliceMut` traits.
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* The syntax for matching of sub-slices has been changed to use a
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postfix `..` instead of prefix (.e.g. `[a, b, c..]`), for
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consistency with other uses of `..` and to future-proof
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potential additional uses of the syntax.
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* The syntax for matching inclusive ranges in patterns has changed
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from `0..3` to `0...4` to be consistent with the exclusive range
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syntax for slicing.
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* Matching of sub-slices in non-tail positions (e.g. `[a.., b,
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c]`) has been put behind the 'advanced_slice_patterns' feature
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gate and may be removed in the future.
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* Components of tuples and tuple structs can be extracted using
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the `value.0` syntax, currently behind the `tuple_indexing`
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feature gate.
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* The `#[crate_id]` attribute is no longer supported; versioning
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is handled by the package manager.
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* Renaming crate imports are now written `extern crate foo as bar`
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instead of `extern crate bar = foo`.
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* Renaming use statements are now written `use foo as bar` instead
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of `use bar = foo`.
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* `let` and `match` bindings and argument names in macros are now
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hygienic.
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* The new, more efficient, closure types ('unboxed closures') have
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been added under a feature gate, 'unboxed_closures'. These will
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soon replace the existing closure types, once higher-ranked
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trait lifetimes are added to the language.
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* `move` has been added as a keyword, for indicating closures
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that capture by value.
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* Mutation and assignment is no longer allowed in pattern guards.
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* Generic structs and enums can now have trait bounds.
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* The `Share` trait is now called `Sync` to free up the term
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'shared' to refer to 'shared reference' (the default reference
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type.
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* Dynamically-sized types have been mostly implemented,
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unifying the behavior of fat-pointer types with the rest of the
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type system.
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* As part of dynamically-sized types, the `Sized` trait has been
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introduced, which qualifying types implement by default, and
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which type parameters expect by default. To specify that a type
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parameter does not need to be sized, write `<Sized? T>`. Most
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types are `Sized`, notable exceptions being unsized arrays
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(`[T]`) and trait types.
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* Closures can return `!`, as in `|| -> !` or `proc() -> !`.
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* Lifetime bounds can now be applied to type parameters and object
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types.
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* The old, reference counted GC type, `Gc<T>` which was once
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denoted by the `@` sigil, has finally been removed. GC will be
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revisited in the future.
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* Libraries
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* Library documentation has been improved for a number of modules.
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* Bit-vectors, collections::bitv has been modernized.
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* The url crate is deprecated in favor of
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http://github.com/servo/rust-url, which can be installed with
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Cargo.
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* Most I/O stream types can be cloned and subsequently closed from
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a different thread.
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* A `std::time::Duration` type has been added for use in I/O
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methods that rely on timers, as well as in the 'time' crate's
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`Timespec` arithmetic.
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* The runtime I/O abstraction layer that enabled the green thread
|
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scheduler to do non-thread-blocking I/O has been removed, along
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with the libuv-based implementation employed by the green thread
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scheduler. This will greatly simplify the future I/O work.
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* `collections::btree` has been rewritten to have a more
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idiomatic and efficient design.
|
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* Tooling
|
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* rustdoc output now indicates the stability levels of API's.
|
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* The `--crate-name` flag can specify the name of the crate
|
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being compiled, like `#[crate_name]`.
|
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* The `-C metadata` specifies additional metadata to hash into
|
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symbol names, and `-C extra-filename` specifies additional
|
|
information to put into the output filename, for use by the
|
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package manager for versioning.
|
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* debug info generation has continued to improve and should be
|
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more reliable under both gdb and lldb.
|
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* rustc has experimental support for compiling in parallel
|
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using the `-C codegen-units` flag.
|
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* rustc no longer encodes rpath information into binaries by
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default.
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* Misc
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* Stack usage has been optimized with LLVM lifetime annotations.
|
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* Official Rust binaries on Linux are more compatible with older
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kernels and distributions, built on CentOS 5.10.
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Version 0.11.0 (July 2014)
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-------------------------
|
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|
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* ~1700 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Language
|
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* ~[T] has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
|
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the Vec<T> type.
|
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* ~str has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by
|
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the String type.
|
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* ~T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
|
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Box<T> type.
|
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* @T has been removed from the language. This type is superseded by the
|
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standard library's std::gc::Gc<T> type.
|
|
* Struct fields are now all private by default.
|
|
* Vector indices and shift amounts are both required to be a `uint`
|
|
instead of any integral type.
|
|
* Byte character, byte string, and raw byte string literals are now all
|
|
supported by prefixing the normal literal with a `b`.
|
|
* Multiple ABIs are no longer allowed in an ABI string
|
|
* The syntax for lifetimes on closures/procedures has been tweaked
|
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slightly: `<'a>|A, B|: 'b + K -> T`
|
|
* Floating point modulus has been removed from the language; however it
|
|
is still provided by a library implementation.
|
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* Private enum variants are now disallowed.
|
|
* The `priv` keyword has been removed from the language.
|
|
* A closure can no longer be invoked through a &-pointer.
|
|
* The `use foo, bar, baz;` syntax has been removed from the language.
|
|
* The transmute intrinsic no longer works on type parameters.
|
|
* Statics now allow blocks/items in their definition.
|
|
* Trait bounds are separated from objects with + instead of : now.
|
|
* Objects can no longer be read while they are mutably borrowed.
|
|
* The address of a static is now marked as insignificant unless the
|
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#[inline(never)] attribute is placed it.
|
|
* The #[unsafe_destructor] attribute is now behind a feature gate.
|
|
* Struct literals are no longer allowed in ambiguous positions such as
|
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if, while, match, and for..in.
|
|
* Declaration of lang items and intrinsics are now feature-gated by
|
|
default.
|
|
* Integral literals no longer default to `int`, and floating point
|
|
literals no longer default to `f64`. Literals must be suffixed with an
|
|
appropriate type if inference cannot determine the type of the
|
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literal.
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* The Box<T> type is no longer implicitly borrowed to &mut T.
|
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* Procedures are now required to not capture borrowed references.
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* Libraries
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|
* The standard library is now a "facade" over a number of underlying
|
|
libraries. This means that development on the standard library should
|
|
be speeder due to smaller crates, as well as a clearer line between
|
|
all dependencies.
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|
* A new library, libcore, lives under the standard library's facade
|
|
which is Rust's "0-assumption" library, suitable for embedded and
|
|
kernel development for example.
|
|
* A regex crate has been added to the standard distribution. This crate
|
|
includes statically compiled regular expressions.
|
|
* The unwrap/unwrap_err methods on Result require a Show bound for
|
|
better error messages.
|
|
* The return types of the std::comm primitives have been centralized
|
|
around the Result type.
|
|
* A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to time out their
|
|
operations.
|
|
* A number of I/O primitives have gained the ability to close their
|
|
reading/writing halves to cancel pending operations.
|
|
* Reverse iterator methods have been removed in favor of `rev()` on
|
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their forward-iteration counterparts.
|
|
* A bitflags! macro has been added to enable easy interop with C and
|
|
management of bit flags.
|
|
* A debug_assert! macro is now provided which is disabled when
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|
`--cfg ndebug` is passed to the compiler.
|
|
* A graphviz crate has been added for creating .dot files.
|
|
* The std::cast module has been migrated into std::mem.
|
|
* The std::local_data api has been migrated from freestanding functions
|
|
to being based on methods.
|
|
* The Pod trait has been renamed to Copy.
|
|
* jemalloc has been added as the default allocator for types.
|
|
* The API for allocating memory has been changed to use proper alignment
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|
and sized deallocation
|
|
* Connecting a TcpStream or binding a TcpListener is now based on a
|
|
string address and a u16 port. This allows connecting to a hostname as
|
|
opposed to an IP.
|
|
* The Reader trait now contains a core method, read_at_least(), which
|
|
correctly handles many repeated 0-length reads.
|
|
* The process-spawning API is now centered around a builder-style
|
|
Command struct.
|
|
* The :? printing qualifier has been moved from the standard library to
|
|
an external libdebug crate.
|
|
* Eq/Ord have been renamed to PartialEq/PartialOrd. TotalEq/TotalOrd
|
|
have been renamed to Eq/Ord.
|
|
* The select/plural methods have been removed from format!. The escapes
|
|
for { and } have also changed from \{ and \} to {{ and }},
|
|
respectively.
|
|
* The TaskBuilder API has been re-worked to be a true builder, and
|
|
extension traits for spawning native/green tasks have been added.
|
|
|
|
* Tooling
|
|
* All breaking changes to the language or libraries now have their
|
|
commit message annotated with `[breaking-change]` to allow for easy
|
|
discovery of breaking changes.
|
|
* The compiler will now try to suggest how to annotate lifetimes if a
|
|
lifetime-related error occurs.
|
|
* Debug info continues to be improved greatly with general bug fixes and
|
|
better support for situations like link time optimization (LTO).
|
|
* Usage of syntax extensions when cross-compiling has been fixed.
|
|
* Functionality equivalent to GCC & Clang's -ffunction-sections,
|
|
-fdata-sections and --gc-sections has been enabled by default
|
|
* The compiler is now stricter about where it will load module files
|
|
from when a module is declared via `mod foo;`.
|
|
* The #[phase(syntax)] attribute has been renamed to #[phase(plugin)].
|
|
Syntax extensions are now discovered via a "plugin registrar" type
|
|
which will be extended in the future to other various plugins.
|
|
* Lints have been restructured to allow for dynamically loadable lints.
|
|
* A number of rustdoc improvements:
|
|
* The HTML output has been visually redesigned.
|
|
* Markdown is now powered by hoedown instead of sundown.
|
|
* Searching heuristics have been greatly improved.
|
|
* The search index has been reduced in size by a great amount.
|
|
* Cross-crate documentation via `pub use` has been greatly improved.
|
|
* Primitive types are now hyperlinked and documented.
|
|
* Documentation has been moved from static.rust-lang.org/doc to
|
|
doc.rust-lang.org
|
|
* A new sandbox, play.rust-lang.org, is available for running and
|
|
sharing rust code examples on-line.
|
|
* Unused attributes are now more robustly warned about.
|
|
* The dead_code lint now warns about unused struct fields.
|
|
* Cross-compiling to iOS is now supported.
|
|
* Cross-compiling to mipsel is now supported.
|
|
* Stability attributes are now inherited by default and no longer apply
|
|
to intra-crate usage, only inter-crate usage.
|
|
* Error message related to non-exhaustive match expressions have been
|
|
greatly improved.
|
|
|
|
Version 0.10 (April 2014)
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Language
|
|
* A new RFC process is now in place for modifying the language.
|
|
* Patterns with `@`-pointers have been removed from the language.
|
|
* Patterns with unique vectors (`~[T]`) have been removed from the
|
|
language.
|
|
* Patterns with unique strings (`~str`) have been removed from the
|
|
language.
|
|
* `@str` has been removed from the language.
|
|
* `@[T]` has been removed from the language.
|
|
* `@self` has been removed from the language.
|
|
* `@Trait` has been removed from the language.
|
|
* Headers on `~` allocations which contain `@` boxes inside the type for
|
|
reference counting have been removed.
|
|
* The semantics around the lifetimes of temporary expressions have changed,
|
|
see #3511 and #11585 for more information.
|
|
* Cross-crate syntax extensions are now possible, but feature gated. See
|
|
#11151 for more information. This includes both `macro_rules!` macros as
|
|
well as syntax extensions such as `format!`.
|
|
* New lint modes have been added, and older ones have been turned on to be
|
|
warn-by-default.
|
|
* Unnecessary parentheses
|
|
* Uppercase statics
|
|
* Camel Case types
|
|
* Uppercase variables
|
|
* Publicly visible private types
|
|
* `#[deriving]` with raw pointers
|
|
* Unsafe functions can no longer be coerced to closures.
|
|
* Various obscure macros such as `log_syntax!` are now behind feature gates.
|
|
* The `#[simd]` attribute is now behind a feature gate.
|
|
* Visibility is no longer allowed on `extern crate` statements, and
|
|
unnecessary visibility (`priv`) is no longer allowed on `use` statements.
|
|
* Trailing commas are now allowed in argument lists and tuple patterns.
|
|
* The `do` keyword has been removed, it is now a reserved keyword.
|
|
* Default type parameters have been implemented, but are feature gated.
|
|
* Borrowed variables through captures in closures are now considered soundly.
|
|
* `extern mod` is now `extern crate`
|
|
* The `Freeze` trait has been removed.
|
|
* The `Share` trait has been added for types that can be shared among
|
|
threads.
|
|
* Labels in macros are now hygienic.
|
|
* Expression/statement macro invocations can be delimited with `{}` now.
|
|
* Treatment of types allowed in `static mut` locations has been tweaked.
|
|
* The `*` and `.` operators are now overloadable through the `Deref` and
|
|
`DerefMut` traits.
|
|
* `~Trait` and `proc` no longer have `Send` bounds by default.
|
|
* Partial type hints are now supported with the `_` type marker.
|
|
* An `Unsafe` type was introduced for interior mutability. It is now
|
|
considered undefined to transmute from `&T` to `&mut T` without using the
|
|
`Unsafe` type.
|
|
* The #[linkage] attribute was implemented for extern statics/functions.
|
|
* The inner attribute syntax has changed from `#[foo];` to `#![foo]`.
|
|
* `Pod` was renamed to `Copy`.
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* The `libextra` library has been removed. It has now been decomposed into
|
|
component libraries with smaller and more focused nuggets of
|
|
functionality. The full list of libraries can be found on the
|
|
documentation index page.
|
|
* std: `std::condition` has been removed. All I/O errors are now propagated
|
|
through the `Result` type. In order to assist with error handling, a
|
|
`try!` macro for unwrapping errors with an early return and a lint for
|
|
unused results has been added. See #12039 for more information.
|
|
* std: The `vec` module has been renamed to `slice`.
|
|
* std: A new vector type, `Vec<T>`, has been added in preparation for DST.
|
|
This will become the only growable vector in the future.
|
|
* std: `std::io` now has more public-reexports. Types such as `BufferedReader`
|
|
are now found at `std::io::BufferedReader` instead of
|
|
`std::io::buffered::BufferedReader`.
|
|
* std: `print` and `println` are no longer in the prelude, the `print!` and
|
|
`println!` macros are intended to be used instead.
|
|
* std: `Rc` now has a `Weak` pointer for breaking cycles, and it no longer
|
|
attempts to statically prevent cycles.
|
|
* std: The standard distribution is adopting the policy of pushing failure
|
|
to the user rather than failing in libraries. Many functions (such as
|
|
`slice::last()`) now return `Option<T>` instead of `T` + failing.
|
|
* std: `fmt::Default` has been renamed to `fmt::Show`, and it now has a new
|
|
deriving mode: `#[deriving(Show)]`.
|
|
* std: `ToStr` is now implemented for all types implementing `Show`.
|
|
* std: The formatting trait methods now take `&self` instead of `&T`
|
|
* std: The `invert()` method on iterators has been renamed to `rev()`
|
|
* std: `std::num` has seen a reduction in the genericity of its traits,
|
|
consolidating functionality into a few core traits.
|
|
* std: Backtraces are now printed on task failure if the environment
|
|
variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is present.
|
|
* std: Naming conventions for iterators have been standardized. More details
|
|
can be found on the wiki's style guide.
|
|
* std: `eof()` has been removed from the `Reader` trait. Specific types may
|
|
still implement the function.
|
|
* std: Networking types are now cloneable to allow simultaneous reads/writes.
|
|
* std: `assert_approx_eq!` has been removed
|
|
* std: The `e` and `E` formatting specifiers for floats have been added to
|
|
print them in exponential notation.
|
|
* std: The `Times` trait has been removed
|
|
* std: Indications of variance and opting out of builtin bounds is done
|
|
through marker types in `std::kinds::marker` now
|
|
* std: `hash` has been rewritten, `IterBytes` has been removed, and
|
|
`#[deriving(Hash)]` is now possible.
|
|
* std: `SharedChan` has been removed, `Sender` is now cloneable.
|
|
* std: `Chan` and `Port` were renamed to `Sender` and `Receiver`.
|
|
* std: `Chan::new` is now `channel()`.
|
|
* std: A new synchronous channel type has been implemented.
|
|
* std: A `select!` macro is now provided for selecting over `Receiver`s.
|
|
* std: `hashmap` and `trie` have been moved to `libcollections`
|
|
* std: `run` has been rolled into `io::process`
|
|
* std: `assert_eq!` now uses `{}` instead of `{:?}`
|
|
* std: The equality and comparison traits have seen some reorganization.
|
|
* std: `rand` has moved to `librand`.
|
|
* std: `to_{lower,upper}case` has been implemented for `char`.
|
|
* std: Logging has been moved to `liblog`.
|
|
* collections: `HashMap` has been rewritten for higher performance and less
|
|
memory usage.
|
|
* native: The default runtime is now `libnative`. If `libgreen` is desired,
|
|
it can be booted manually. The runtime guide has more information and
|
|
examples.
|
|
* native: All I/O functionality except signals has been implemented.
|
|
* green: Task spawning with `libgreen` has been optimized with stack caching
|
|
and various trimming of code.
|
|
* green: Tasks spawned by `libgreen` now have an unmapped guard page.
|
|
* sync: The `extra::sync` module has been updated to modern rust (and moved
|
|
to the `sync` library), tweaking and improving various interfaces while
|
|
dropping redundant functionality.
|
|
* sync: A new `Barrier` type has been added to the `sync` library.
|
|
* sync: An efficient mutex for native and green tasks has been implemented.
|
|
* serialize: The `base64` module has seen some improvement. It treats
|
|
newlines better, has non-string error values, and has seen general
|
|
cleanup.
|
|
* fourcc: A `fourcc!` macro was introduced
|
|
* hexfloat: A `hexfloat!` macro was implemented for specifying floats via a
|
|
hexadecimal literal.
|
|
|
|
* Tooling
|
|
* `rustpkg` has been deprecated and removed from the main repository. Its
|
|
replacement, `cargo`, is under development.
|
|
* Nightly builds of rust are now available
|
|
* The memory usage of rustc has been improved many times throughout this
|
|
release cycle.
|
|
* The build process supports disabling rpath support for the rustc binary
|
|
itself.
|
|
* Code generation has improved in some cases, giving more information to the
|
|
LLVM optimization passes to enable more extensive optimizations.
|
|
* Debuginfo compatibility with lldb on OSX has been restored.
|
|
* The master branch is now gated on an android bot, making building for
|
|
android much more reliable.
|
|
* Output flags have been centralized into one `--emit` flag.
|
|
* Crate type flags have been centralized into one `--crate-type` flag.
|
|
* Codegen flags have been consolidated behind a `-C` flag.
|
|
* Linking against outdated crates now has improved error messages.
|
|
* Error messages with lifetimes will often suggest how to annotate the
|
|
function to fix the error.
|
|
* Many more types are documented in the standard library, and new guides
|
|
were written.
|
|
* Many `rustdoc` improvements:
|
|
* code blocks are syntax highlighted.
|
|
* render standalone markdown files.
|
|
* the --test flag tests all code blocks by default.
|
|
* exported macros are displayed.
|
|
* reexported types have their documentation inlined at the location of the
|
|
first reexport.
|
|
* search works across crates that have been rendered to the same output
|
|
directory.
|
|
|
|
Version 0.9 (January 2014)
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~1800 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Language
|
|
* The `float` type has been removed. Use `f32` or `f64` instead.
|
|
* A new facility for enabling experimental features (feature gating) has
|
|
been added, using the crate-level `#[feature(foo)]` attribute.
|
|
* Managed boxes (@) are now behind a feature gate
|
|
(`#[feature(managed_boxes)]`) in preparation for future removal. Use the
|
|
standard library's `Gc` or `Rc` types instead.
|
|
* `@mut` has been removed. Use `std::cell::{Cell, RefCell}` instead.
|
|
* Jumping back to the top of a loop is now done with `continue` instead of
|
|
`loop`.
|
|
* Strings can no longer be mutated through index assignment.
|
|
* Raw strings can be created via the basic `r"foo"` syntax or with matched
|
|
hash delimiters, as in `r###"foo"###`.
|
|
* `~fn` is now written `proc (args) -> retval { ... }` and may only be
|
|
called once.
|
|
* The `&fn` type is now written `|args| -> ret` to match the literal form.
|
|
* `@fn`s have been removed.
|
|
* `do` only works with procs in order to make it obvious what the cost
|
|
of `do` is.
|
|
* Single-element tuple-like structs can no longer be dereferenced to
|
|
obtain the inner value. A more comprehensive solution for overloading
|
|
the dereference operator will be provided in the future.
|
|
* The `#[link(...)]` attribute has been replaced with
|
|
`#[crate_id = "name#vers"]`.
|
|
* Empty `impl`s must be terminated with empty braces and may not be
|
|
terminated with a semicolon.
|
|
* Keywords are no longer allowed as lifetime names; the `self` lifetime
|
|
no longer has any special meaning.
|
|
* The old `fmt!` string formatting macro has been removed.
|
|
* `printf!` and `printfln!` (old-style formatting) removed in favor of
|
|
`print!` and `println!`.
|
|
* `mut` works in patterns now, as in `let (mut x, y) = (1, 2);`.
|
|
* The `extern mod foo (name = "bar")` syntax has been removed. Use
|
|
`extern mod foo = "bar"` instead.
|
|
* New reserved keywords: `alignof`, `offsetof`, `sizeof`.
|
|
* Macros can have attributes.
|
|
* Macros can expand to items with attributes.
|
|
* Macros can expand to multiple items.
|
|
* The `asm!` macro is feature-gated (`#[feature(asm)]`).
|
|
* Comments may be nested.
|
|
* Values automatically coerce to trait objects they implement, without
|
|
an explicit `as`.
|
|
* Enum discriminants are no longer an entire word but as small as needed to
|
|
contain all the variants. The `repr` attribute can be used to override
|
|
the discriminant size, as in `#[repr(int)]` for integer-sized, and
|
|
`#[repr(C)]` to match C enums.
|
|
* Non-string literals are not allowed in attributes (they never worked).
|
|
* The FFI now supports variadic functions.
|
|
* Octal numeric literals, as in `0o7777`.
|
|
* The `concat!` syntax extension performs compile-time string concatenation.
|
|
* The `#[fixed_stack_segment]` and `#[rust_stack]` attributes have been
|
|
removed as Rust no longer uses segmented stacks.
|
|
* Non-ascii identifiers are feature-gated (`#[feature(non_ascii_idents)]`).
|
|
* Ignoring all fields of an enum variant or tuple-struct is done with `..`,
|
|
not `*`; ignoring remaining fields of a struct is also done with `..`,
|
|
not `_`; ignoring a slice of a vector is done with `..`, not `.._`.
|
|
* `rustc` supports the "win64" calling convention via `extern "win64"`.
|
|
* `rustc` supports the "system" calling convention, which defaults to the
|
|
preferred convention for the target platform, "stdcall" on 32-bit Windows,
|
|
"C" elsewhere.
|
|
* The `type_overflow` lint (default: warn) checks literals for overflow.
|
|
* The `unsafe_block` lint (default: allow) checks for usage of `unsafe`.
|
|
* The `attribute_usage` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
|
|
attributes.
|
|
* The `unknown_features` lint (default: warn) warns about unknown
|
|
feature gates.
|
|
* The `dead_code` lint (default: warn) checks for dead code.
|
|
* Rust libraries can be linked statically to one another
|
|
* `#[link_args]` is behind the `link_args` feature gate.
|
|
* Native libraries are now linked with `#[link(name = "foo")]`
|
|
* Native libraries can be statically linked to a rust crate
|
|
(`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "static")]`).
|
|
* Native OS X frameworks are now officially supported
|
|
(`#[link(name = "foo", kind = "framework")]`).
|
|
* The `#[thread_local]` attribute creates thread-local (not task-local)
|
|
variables. Currently behind the `thread_local` feature gate.
|
|
* The `return` keyword may be used in closures.
|
|
* Types that can be copied via a memcpy implement the `Pod` kind.
|
|
* The `cfg` attribute can now be used on struct fields and enum variants.
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* std: The `option` and `result` API's have been overhauled to make them
|
|
simpler, more consistent, and more composable.
|
|
* std: The entire `std::io` module has been replaced with one that is
|
|
more comprehensive and that properly interfaces with the underlying
|
|
scheduler. File, TCP, UDP, Unix sockets, pipes, and timers are all
|
|
implemented.
|
|
* std: `io::util` contains a number of useful implementations of
|
|
`Reader` and `Writer`, including `NullReader`, `NullWriter`,
|
|
`ZeroReader`, `TeeReader`.
|
|
* std: The reference counted pointer type `extra::rc` moved into std.
|
|
* std: The `Gc` type in the `gc` module will replace `@` (it is currently
|
|
just a wrapper around it).
|
|
* std: The `Either` type has been removed.
|
|
* std: `fmt::Default` can be implemented for any type to provide default
|
|
formatting to the `format!` macro, as in `format!("{}", myfoo)`.
|
|
* std: The `rand` API continues to be tweaked.
|
|
* std: The `rust_begin_unwind` function, useful for inserting breakpoints
|
|
on failure in gdb, is now named `rust_fail`.
|
|
* std: The `each_key` and `each_value` methods on `HashMap` have been
|
|
replaced by the `keys` and `values` iterators.
|
|
* std: Functions dealing with type size and alignment have moved from the
|
|
`sys` module to the `mem` module.
|
|
* std: The `path` module was written and API changed.
|
|
* std: `str::from_utf8` has been changed to cast instead of allocate.
|
|
* std: `starts_with` and `ends_with` methods added to vectors via the
|
|
`ImmutableEqVector` trait, which is in the prelude.
|
|
* std: Vectors can be indexed with the `get_opt` method, which returns `None`
|
|
if the index is out of bounds.
|
|
* std: Task failure no longer propagates between tasks, as the model was
|
|
complex, expensive, and incompatible with thread-based tasks.
|
|
* std: The `Any` type can be used for dynamic typing.
|
|
* std: `~Any` can be passed to the `fail!` macro and retrieved via
|
|
`task::try`.
|
|
* std: Methods that produce iterators generally do not have an `_iter`
|
|
suffix now.
|
|
* std: `cell::Cell` and `cell::RefCell` can be used to introduce mutability
|
|
roots (mutable fields, etc.). Use instead of e.g. `@mut`.
|
|
* std: `util::ignore` renamed to `prelude::drop`.
|
|
* std: Slices have `sort` and `sort_by` methods via the `MutableVector`
|
|
trait.
|
|
* std: `vec::raw` has seen a lot of cleanup and API changes.
|
|
* std: The standard library no longer includes any C++ code, and very
|
|
minimal C, eliminating the dependency on libstdc++.
|
|
* std: Runtime scheduling and I/O functionality has been factored out into
|
|
extensible interfaces and is now implemented by two different crates:
|
|
libnative, for native threading and I/O; and libgreen, for green threading
|
|
and I/O. This paves the way for using the standard library in more limited
|
|
embedded environments.
|
|
* std: The `comm` module has been rewritten to be much faster, have a
|
|
simpler, more consistent API, and to work for both native and green
|
|
threading.
|
|
* std: All libuv dependencies have been moved into the rustuv crate.
|
|
* native: New implementations of runtime scheduling on top of OS threads.
|
|
* native: New native implementations of TCP, UDP, file I/O, process spawning,
|
|
and other I/O.
|
|
* green: The green thread scheduler and message passing types are almost
|
|
entirely lock-free.
|
|
* extra: The `flatpipes` module had bitrotted and was removed.
|
|
* extra: All crypto functions have been removed and Rust now has a policy of
|
|
not reimplementing crypto in the standard library. In the future crypto
|
|
will be provided by external crates with bindings to established libraries.
|
|
* extra: `c_vec` has been modernized.
|
|
* extra: The `sort` module has been removed. Use the `sort` method on
|
|
mutable slices.
|
|
|
|
* Tooling
|
|
* The `rust` and `rusti` commands have been removed, due to lack of
|
|
maintenance.
|
|
* `rustdoc` was completely rewritten.
|
|
* `rustdoc` can test code examples in documentation.
|
|
* `rustpkg` can test packages with the argument, 'test'.
|
|
* `rustpkg` supports arbitrary dependencies, including C libraries.
|
|
* `rustc`'s support for generating debug info is improved again.
|
|
* `rustc` has better error reporting for unbalanced delimiters.
|
|
* `rustc`'s JIT support was removed due to bitrot.
|
|
* Executables and static libraries can be built with LTO (-Z lto)
|
|
* `rustc` adds a `--dep-info` flag for communicating dependencies to
|
|
build tools.
|
|
|
|
Version 0.8 (September 2013)
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~2200 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Language
|
|
* The `for` loop syntax has changed to work with the `Iterator` trait.
|
|
* At long last, unwinding works on Windows.
|
|
* Default methods are ready for use.
|
|
* Many trait inheritance bugs fixed.
|
|
* Owned and borrowed trait objects work more reliably.
|
|
* `copy` is no longer a keyword. It has been replaced by the `Clone` trait.
|
|
* rustc can omit emission of code for the `debug!` macro if it is passed
|
|
`--cfg ndebug`
|
|
* mod.rs is now "blessed". When loading `mod foo;`, rustc will now look
|
|
for foo.rs, then foo/mod.rs, and will generate an error when both are
|
|
present.
|
|
* Strings no longer contain trailing nulls. The new `std::c_str` module
|
|
provides new mechanisms for converting to C strings.
|
|
* The type of foreign functions is now `extern "C" fn` instead of `*u8'.
|
|
* The FFI has been overhauled such that foreign functions are called directly,
|
|
instead of through a stack-switching wrapper.
|
|
* Calling a foreign function must be done through a Rust function with the
|
|
`#[fixed_stack_segment]` attribute.
|
|
* The `externfn!` macro can be used to declare both a foreign function and
|
|
a `#[fixed_stack_segment]` wrapper at once.
|
|
* `pub` and `priv` modifiers on `extern` blocks are no longer parsed.
|
|
* `unsafe` is no longer allowed on extern fns - they are all unsafe.
|
|
* `priv` is disallowed everywhere except for struct fields and enum variants.
|
|
* `&T` (besides `&'static T`) is no longer allowed in `@T`.
|
|
* `ref` bindings in irrefutable patterns work correctly now.
|
|
* `char` is now prevented from containing invalid code points.
|
|
* Casting to `bool` is no longer allowed.
|
|
* `\0` is now accepted as an escape in chars and strings.
|
|
* `yield` is a reserved keyword.
|
|
* `typeof` is a reserved keyword.
|
|
* Crates may be imported by URL with `extern mod foo = "url";`.
|
|
* Explicit enum discriminants may be given as uints as in `enum E { V = 0u }`
|
|
* Static vectors can be initialized with repeating elements,
|
|
e.g. `static foo: [u8, .. 100]: [0, .. 100];`.
|
|
* Static structs can be initialized with functional record update,
|
|
e.g. `static foo: Foo = Foo { a: 5, .. bar };`.
|
|
* `cfg!` can be used to conditionally execute code based on the crate
|
|
configuration, similarly to `#[cfg(...)]`.
|
|
* The `unnecessary_qualification` lint detects unneeded module
|
|
prefixes (default: allow).
|
|
* Arithmetic operations have been implemented on the SIMD types in
|
|
`std::unstable::simd`.
|
|
* Exchange allocation headers were removed, reducing memory usage.
|
|
* `format!` implements a completely new, extensible, and higher-performance
|
|
string formatting system. It will replace `fmt!`.
|
|
* `print!` and `println!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
|
|
extension) to stdout.
|
|
* `write!` and `writeln!` write formatted strings (using the `format!`
|
|
extension) to the new Writers in `std::rt::io`.
|
|
* The library section in which a function or static is placed may
|
|
be specified with `#[link_section = "..."]`.
|
|
* The `proto!` syntax extension for defining bounded message protocols
|
|
was removed.
|
|
* `macro_rules!` is hygienic for `let` declarations.
|
|
* The `#[export_name]` attribute specifies the name of a symbol.
|
|
* `unreachable!` can be used to indicate unreachable code, and fails
|
|
if executed.
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* std: Transitioned to the new runtime, written in Rust.
|
|
* std: Added an experimental I/O library, `rt::io`, based on the new
|
|
runtime.
|
|
* std: A new generic `range` function was added to the prelude, replacing
|
|
`uint::range` and friends.
|
|
* std: `range_rev` no longer exists. Since range is an iterator it can be
|
|
reversed with `range(lo, hi).invert()`.
|
|
* std: The `chain` method on option renamed to `and_then`; `unwrap_or_default`
|
|
renamed to `unwrap_or`.
|
|
* std: The `iterator` module was renamed to `iter`.
|
|
* std: Integral types now support the `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, and
|
|
`checked_mul` operations for detecting overflow.
|
|
* std: Many methods in `str`, `vec`, `option, `result` were renamed for
|
|
consistency.
|
|
* std: Methods are standardizing on conventions for casting methods:
|
|
`to_foo` for copying, `into_foo` for moving, `as_foo` for temporary
|
|
and cheap casts.
|
|
* std: The `CString` type in `c_str` provides new ways to convert to and
|
|
from C strings.
|
|
* std: `DoubleEndedIterator` can yield elements in two directions.
|
|
* std: The `mut_split` method on vectors partitions an `&mut [T]` into
|
|
two splices.
|
|
* std: `str::from_bytes` renamed to `str::from_utf8`.
|
|
* std: `pop_opt` and `shift_opt` methods added to vectors.
|
|
* std: The task-local data interface no longer uses @, and keys are
|
|
no longer function pointers.
|
|
* std: The `swap_unwrap` method of `Option` renamed to `take_unwrap`.
|
|
* std: Added `SharedPort` to `comm`.
|
|
* std: `Eq` has a default method for `ne`; only `eq` is required
|
|
in implementations.
|
|
* std: `Ord` has default methods for `le`, `gt` and `ge`; only `lt`
|
|
is required in implementations.
|
|
* std: `is_utf8` performance is improved, impacting many string functions.
|
|
* std: `os::MemoryMap` provides cross-platform mmap.
|
|
* std: `ptr::offset` is now unsafe, but also more optimized. Offsets that
|
|
are not 'in-bounds' are considered undefined.
|
|
* std: Many freestanding functions in `vec` removed in favor of methods.
|
|
* std: Many freestanding functions on scalar types removed in favor of
|
|
methods.
|
|
* std: Many options to task builders were removed since they don't make
|
|
sense in the new scheduler design.
|
|
* std: More containers implement `FromIterator` so can be created by the
|
|
`collect` method.
|
|
* std: More complete atomic types in `unstable::atomics`.
|
|
* std: `comm::PortSet` removed.
|
|
* std: Mutating methods in the `Set` and `Map` traits have been moved into
|
|
the `MutableSet` and `MutableMap` traits. `Container::is_empty`,
|
|
`Map::contains_key`, `MutableMap::insert`, and `MutableMap::remove` have
|
|
default implementations.
|
|
* std: Various `from_str` functions were removed in favor of a generic
|
|
`from_str` which is available in the prelude.
|
|
* std: `util::unreachable` removed in favor of the `unreachable!` macro.
|
|
* extra: `dlist`, the doubly-linked list was modernized.
|
|
* extra: Added a `hex` module with `ToHex` and `FromHex` traits.
|
|
* extra: Added `glob` module, replacing `std::os::glob`.
|
|
* extra: `rope` was removed.
|
|
* extra: `deque` was renamed to `ringbuf`. `RingBuf` implements `Deque`.
|
|
* extra: `net`, and `timer` were removed. The experimental replacements
|
|
are `std::rt::io::net` and `std::rt::io::timer`.
|
|
* extra: Iterators implemented for `SmallIntMap`.
|
|
* extra: Iterators implemented for `Bitv` and `BitvSet`.
|
|
* extra: `SmallIntSet` removed. Use `BitvSet`.
|
|
* extra: Performance of JSON parsing greatly improved.
|
|
* extra: `semver` updated to SemVer 2.0.0.
|
|
* extra: `term` handles more terminals correctly.
|
|
* extra: `dbg` module removed.
|
|
* extra: `par` module removed.
|
|
* extra: `future` was cleaned up, with some method renames.
|
|
* extra: Most free functions in `getopts` were converted to methods.
|
|
|
|
* Other
|
|
* rustc's debug info generation (`-Z debug-info`) is greatly improved.
|
|
* rustc accepts `--target-cpu` to compile to a specific CPU architecture,
|
|
similarly to gcc's `--march` flag.
|
|
* rustc's performance compiling small crates is much better.
|
|
* rustpkg has received many improvements.
|
|
* rustpkg supports git tags as package IDs.
|
|
* rustpkg builds into target-specific directories so it can be used for
|
|
cross-compiling.
|
|
* The number of concurrent test tasks is controlled by the environment
|
|
variable RUST_TEST_TASKS.
|
|
* The test harness can now report metrics for benchmarks.
|
|
* All tools have man pages.
|
|
* Programs compiled with `--test` now support the `-h` and `--help` flags.
|
|
* The runtime uses jemalloc for allocations.
|
|
* Segmented stacks are temporarily disabled as part of the transition to
|
|
the new runtime. Stack overflows are possible!
|
|
* A new documentation backend, rustdoc_ng, is available for use. It is
|
|
still invoked through the normal `rustdoc` command.
|
|
|
|
Version 0.7 (July 2013)
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Language
|
|
* `impl`s no longer accept a visibility qualifier. Put them on methods
|
|
instead.
|
|
* The borrow checker has been rewritten with flow-sensitivity, fixing
|
|
many bugs and inconveniences.
|
|
* The `self` parameter no longer implicitly means `&'self self`,
|
|
and can be explicitly marked with a lifetime.
|
|
* Overloadable compound operators (`+=`, etc.) have been temporarily
|
|
removed due to bugs.
|
|
* The `for` loop protocol now requires `for`-iterators to return `bool`
|
|
so they compose better.
|
|
* The `Durable` trait is replaced with the `'static` bounds.
|
|
* Trait default methods work more often.
|
|
* Structs with the `#[packed]` attribute have byte alignment and
|
|
no padding between fields.
|
|
* Type parameters bound by `Copy` must now be copied explicitly with
|
|
the `copy` keyword.
|
|
* It is now illegal to move out of a dereferenced unsafe pointer.
|
|
* `Option<~T>` is now represented as a nullable pointer.
|
|
* `@mut` does dynamic borrow checks correctly.
|
|
* The `main` function is only detected at the topmost level of the crate.
|
|
The `#[main]` attribute is still valid anywhere.
|
|
* Struct fields may no longer be mutable. Use inherited mutability.
|
|
* The `#[no_send]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
|
|
`Send`, not.
|
|
* The `#[no_freeze]` attribute makes a type that would otherwise be
|
|
`Freeze`, not.
|
|
* Unbounded recursion will abort the process after reaching the limit
|
|
specified by the `RUST_MAX_STACK` environment variable (default: 1GB).
|
|
* The `vecs_implicitly_copyable` lint mode has been removed. Vectors
|
|
are never implicitly copyable.
|
|
* `#[static_assert]` makes compile-time assertions about static bools.
|
|
* At long last, 'argument modes' no longer exist.
|
|
* The rarely used `use mod` statement no longer exists.
|
|
|
|
* Syntax extensions
|
|
* `fail!` and `assert!` accept `~str`, `&'static str` or `fmt!`-style
|
|
argument list.
|
|
* `Encodable`, `Decodable`, `Ord`, `TotalOrd`, `TotalEq`, `DeepClone`,
|
|
`Rand`, `Zero` and `ToStr` can all be automatically derived with
|
|
`#[deriving(...)]`.
|
|
* The `bytes!` macro returns a vector of bytes for string, u8, char,
|
|
and unsuffixed integer literals.
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* The `core` crate was renamed to `std`.
|
|
* The `std` crate was renamed to `extra`.
|
|
* More and improved documentation.
|
|
* std: `iterator` module for external iterator objects.
|
|
* Many old-style (internal, higher-order function) iterators replaced by
|
|
implementations of `Iterator`.
|
|
* std: Many old internal vector and string iterators,
|
|
incl. `any`, `all`. removed.
|
|
* std: The `finalize` method of `Drop` renamed to `drop`.
|
|
* std: The `drop` method now takes `&mut self` instead of `&self`.
|
|
* std: The prelude no longer reexports any modules, only types and traits.
|
|
* std: Prelude additions: `print`, `println`, `FromStr`, `ApproxEq`, `Equiv`,
|
|
`Iterator`, `IteratorUtil`, many numeric traits, many tuple traits.
|
|
* std: New numeric traits: `Fractional`, `Real`, `RealExt`, `Integer`, `Ratio`,
|
|
`Algebraic`, `Trigonometric`, `Exponential`, `Primitive`.
|
|
* std: Tuple traits and accessors defined for up to 12-tuples, e.g.
|
|
`(0, 1, 2).n2()` or `(0, 1, 2).n2_ref()`.
|
|
* std: Many types implement `Clone`.
|
|
* std: `path` type renamed to `Path`.
|
|
* std: `mut` module and `Mut` type removed.
|
|
* std: Many standalone functions removed in favor of methods and iterators
|
|
in `vec`, `str`. In the future methods will also work as functions.
|
|
* std: `reinterpret_cast` removed. Use `transmute`.
|
|
* std: ascii string handling in `std::ascii`.
|
|
* std: `Rand` is implemented for ~/@.
|
|
* std: `run` module for spawning processes overhauled.
|
|
* std: Various atomic types added to `unstable::atomic`.
|
|
* std: Various types implement `Zero`.
|
|
* std: `LinearMap` and `LinearSet` renamed to `HashMap` and `HashSet`.
|
|
* std: Borrowed pointer functions moved from `ptr` to `borrow`.
|
|
* std: Added `os::mkdir_recursive`.
|
|
* std: Added `os::glob` function performs filesystems globs.
|
|
* std: `FuzzyEq` renamed to `ApproxEq`.
|
|
* std: `Map` now defines `pop` and `swap` methods.
|
|
* std: `Cell` constructors converted to static methods.
|
|
* extra: `rc` module adds the reference counted pointers, `Rc` and `RcMut`.
|
|
* extra: `flate` module moved from `std` to `extra`.
|
|
* extra: `fileinput` module for iterating over a series of files.
|
|
* extra: `Complex` number type and `complex` module.
|
|
* extra: `Rational` number type and `rational` module.
|
|
* extra: `BigInt`, `BigUint` implement numeric and comparison traits.
|
|
* extra: `term` uses terminfo now, is more correct.
|
|
* extra: `arc` functions converted to methods.
|
|
* extra: Implementation of fixed output size variations of SHA-2.
|
|
|
|
* Tooling
|
|
* `unused_variable` lint mode for unused variables (default: warn).
|
|
* `unused_unsafe` lint mode for detecting unnecessary `unsafe` blocks
|
|
(default: warn).
|
|
* `unused_mut` lint mode for identifying unused `mut` qualifiers
|
|
(default: warn).
|
|
* `dead_assignment` lint mode for unread variables (default: warn).
|
|
* `unnecessary_allocation` lint mode detects some heap allocations that are
|
|
immediately borrowed so could be written without allocating (default: warn).
|
|
* `missing_doc` lint mode (default: allow).
|
|
* `unreachable_code` lint mode (default: warn).
|
|
* The `rusti` command has been rewritten and a number of bugs addressed.
|
|
* rustc outputs in color on more terminals.
|
|
* rustc accepts a `--link-args` flag to pass arguments to the linker.
|
|
* rustc accepts a `-Z print-link-args` flag for debugging linkage.
|
|
* Compiling with `-g` will make the binary record information about
|
|
dynamic borrowcheck failures for debugging.
|
|
* rustdoc has a nicer stylesheet.
|
|
* Various improvements to rustdoc.
|
|
* Improvements to rustpkg (see the detailed release notes).
|
|
|
|
Version 0.6 (April 2013)
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~2100 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Syntax changes
|
|
* The self type parameter in traits is now spelled `Self`
|
|
* The `self` parameter in trait and impl methods must now be explicitly
|
|
named (for example: `fn f(&self) { }`). Implicit self is deprecated.
|
|
* Static methods no longer require the `static` keyword and instead
|
|
are distinguished by the lack of a `self` parameter
|
|
* Replaced the `Durable` trait with the `'static` lifetime
|
|
* The old closure type syntax with the trailing sigil has been
|
|
removed in favor of the more consistent leading sigil
|
|
* `super` is a keyword, and may be prefixed to paths
|
|
* Trait bounds are separated with `+` instead of whitespace
|
|
* Traits are implemented with `impl Trait for Type`
|
|
instead of `impl Type: Trait`
|
|
* Lifetime syntax is now `&'l foo` instead of `&l/foo`
|
|
* The `export` keyword has finally been removed
|
|
* The `move` keyword has been removed (see "Semantic changes")
|
|
* The interior mutability qualifier on vectors, `[mut T]`, has been
|
|
removed. Use `&mut [T]`, etc.
|
|
* `mut` is no longer valid in `~mut T`. Use inherited mutability
|
|
* `fail` is no longer a keyword. Use `fail!()`
|
|
* `assert` is no longer a keyword. Use `assert!()`
|
|
* `log` is no longer a keyword. use `debug!`, etc.
|
|
* 1-tuples may be represented as `(T,)`
|
|
* Struct fields may no longer be `mut`. Use inherited mutability,
|
|
`@mut T`, `core::mut` or `core::cell`
|
|
* `extern mod { ... }` is no longer valid syntax for foreign
|
|
function modules. Use extern blocks: `extern { ... }`
|
|
* Newtype enums removed. Use tuple-structs.
|
|
* Trait implementations no longer support visibility modifiers
|
|
* Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
|
|
* `const` renamed to `static` to correspond to lifetime name,
|
|
and make room for future `static mut` unsafe mutable globals.
|
|
* Replaced `#[deriving_eq]` with `#[deriving(Eq)]`, etc.
|
|
* `Clone` implementations can be automatically generated with
|
|
`#[deriving(Clone)]`
|
|
* Casts to traits must use a pointer sigil, e.g. `@foo as @Bar`
|
|
instead of `foo as Bar`.
|
|
* Fixed length vector types are now written as `[int, .. 3]`
|
|
instead of `[int * 3]`.
|
|
* Fixed length vector types can express the length as a constant
|
|
expression. (ex: `[int, .. GL_BUFFER_SIZE - 2]`)
|
|
|
|
* Semantic changes
|
|
* Types with owned pointers or custom destructors move by default,
|
|
eliminating the `move` keyword
|
|
* All foreign functions are considered unsafe
|
|
* &mut is now unaliasable
|
|
* Writes to borrowed @mut pointers are prevented dynamically
|
|
* () has size 0
|
|
* The name of the main function can be customized using #[main]
|
|
* The default type of an inferred closure is &fn instead of @fn
|
|
* `use` statements may no longer be "chained" - they cannot import
|
|
identifiers imported by previous `use` statements
|
|
* `use` statements are crate relative, importing from the "top"
|
|
of the crate by default. Paths may be prefixed with `super::`
|
|
or `self::` to change the search behavior.
|
|
* Method visibility is inherited from the implementation declaration
|
|
* Structural records have been removed
|
|
* Many more types can be used in static items, including enums
|
|
'static-lifetime pointers and vectors
|
|
* Pattern matching over vectors improved and expanded
|
|
* Typechecking of closure types has been overhauled to
|
|
improve inference and eliminate unsoundness
|
|
* Macros leave scope at the end of modules, unless that module is
|
|
tagged with #[macro_escape]
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* Added big integers to `std::bigint`
|
|
* Removed `core::oldcomm` module
|
|
* Added pipe-based `core::comm` module
|
|
* Numeric traits have been reorganized under `core::num`
|
|
* `vec::slice` finally returns a slice
|
|
* `debug!` and friends don't require a format string, e.g. `debug!(Foo)`
|
|
* Containers reorganized around traits in `core::container`
|
|
* `core::dvec` removed, `~[T]` is a drop-in replacement
|
|
* `core::send_map` renamed to `core::hashmap`
|
|
* `std::map` removed; replaced with `core::hashmap`
|
|
* `std::treemap` reimplemented as an owned balanced tree
|
|
* `std::deque` and `std::smallintmap` reimplemented as owned containers
|
|
* `core::trie` added as a fast ordered map for integer keys
|
|
* Set types added to `core::hashmap`, `core::trie` and `std::treemap`
|
|
* `Ord` split into `Ord` and `TotalOrd`. `Ord` is still used to
|
|
overload the comparison operators, whereas `TotalOrd` is used
|
|
by certain container types
|
|
|
|
* Other
|
|
* Replaced the 'cargo' package manager with 'rustpkg'
|
|
* Added all-purpose 'rust' tool
|
|
* `rustc --test` now supports benchmarks with the `#[bench]` attribute
|
|
* rustc now *attempts* to offer spelling suggestions
|
|
* Improved support for ARM and Android
|
|
* Preliminary MIPS backend
|
|
* Improved foreign function ABI implementation for x86, x86_64
|
|
* Various memory usage improvements
|
|
* Rust code may be embedded in foreign code under limited circumstances
|
|
* Inline assembler supported by new asm!() syntax extension.
|
|
|
|
Version 0.5 (December 2012)
|
|
---------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~900 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Syntax changes
|
|
* Removed `<-` move operator
|
|
* Completed the transition from the `#fmt` extension syntax to `fmt!`
|
|
* Removed old fixed length vector syntax - `[T]/N`
|
|
* New token-based quasi-quoters, `quote_tokens!`, `quote_expr!`, etc.
|
|
* Macros may now expand to items and statements
|
|
* `a.b()` is always parsed as a method call, never as a field projection
|
|
* `Eq` and `IterBytes` implementations can be automatically generated
|
|
with `#[deriving_eq]` and `#[deriving_iter_bytes]` respectively
|
|
* Removed the special crate language for `.rc` files
|
|
* Function arguments may consist of any irrefutable pattern
|
|
|
|
* Semantic changes
|
|
* `&` and `~` pointers may point to objects
|
|
* Tuple structs - `struct Foo(Bar, Baz)`. Will replace newtype enums.
|
|
* Enum variants may be structs
|
|
* Destructors can be added to all nominal types with the Drop trait
|
|
* Structs and nullary enum variants may be constants
|
|
* Values that cannot be implicitly copied are now automatically moved
|
|
without writing `move` explicitly
|
|
* `&T` may now be coerced to `*T`
|
|
* Coercions happen in `let` statements as well as function calls
|
|
* `use` statements now take crate-relative paths
|
|
* The module and type namespaces have been merged so that static
|
|
method names can be resolved under the trait in which they are
|
|
declared
|
|
|
|
* Improved support for language features
|
|
* Trait inheritance works in many scenarios
|
|
* More support for explicit self arguments in methods - `self`, `&self`
|
|
`@self`, and `~self` all generally work as expected
|
|
* Static methods work in more situations
|
|
* Experimental: Traits may declare default methods for the implementations
|
|
to use
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* New condition handling system in `core::condition`
|
|
* Timsort added to `std::sort`
|
|
* New priority queue, `std::priority_queue`
|
|
* Pipes for serializable types, `std::flatpipes'
|
|
* Serialization overhauled to be trait-based
|
|
* Expanded `getopts` definitions
|
|
* Moved futures to `std`
|
|
* More functions are pure now
|
|
* `core::comm` renamed to `oldcomm`. Still deprecated
|
|
* `rustdoc` and `cargo` are libraries now
|
|
|
|
* Misc
|
|
* Added a preliminary REPL, `rusti`
|
|
* License changed from MIT to dual MIT/APL2
|
|
|
|
Version 0.4 (October 2012)
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~2000 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* Syntax
|
|
* All keywords are now strict and may not be used as identifiers anywhere
|
|
* Keyword removal: 'again', 'import', 'check', 'new', 'owned', 'send',
|
|
'of', 'with', 'to', 'class'.
|
|
* Classes are replaced with simpler structs
|
|
* Explicit method self types
|
|
* `ret` became `return` and `alt` became `match`
|
|
* `import` is now `use`; `use is now `extern mod`
|
|
* `extern mod { ... }` is now `extern { ... }`
|
|
* `use mod` is the recommended way to import modules
|
|
* `pub` and `priv` replace deprecated export lists
|
|
* The syntax of `match` pattern arms now uses fat arrow (=>)
|
|
* `main` no longer accepts an args vector; use `os::args` instead
|
|
|
|
* Semantics
|
|
* Trait implementations are now coherent, ala Haskell typeclasses
|
|
* Trait methods may be static
|
|
* Argument modes are deprecated
|
|
* Borrowed pointers are much more mature and recommended for use
|
|
* Strings and vectors in the static region are stored in constant memory
|
|
* Typestate was removed
|
|
* Resolution rewritten to be more reliable
|
|
* Support for 'dual-mode' data structures (freezing and thawing)
|
|
|
|
* Libraries
|
|
* Most binary operators can now be overloaded via the traits in
|
|
`core::ops'
|
|
* `std::net::url` for representing URLs
|
|
* Sendable hash maps in `core::send_map`
|
|
* `core::task' gained a (currently unsafe) task-local storage API
|
|
|
|
* Concurrency
|
|
* An efficient new intertask communication primitive called the pipe,
|
|
along with a number of higher-level channel types, in `core::pipes`
|
|
* `std::arc`, an atomically reference counted, immutable, shared memory
|
|
type
|
|
* `std::sync`, various exotic synchronization tools based on arcs and pipes
|
|
* Futures are now based on pipes and sendable
|
|
* More robust linked task failure
|
|
* Improved task builder API
|
|
|
|
* Other
|
|
* Improved error reporting
|
|
* Preliminary JIT support
|
|
* Preliminary work on precise GC
|
|
* Extensive architectural improvements to rustc
|
|
* Begun a transition away from buggy C++-based reflection (shape) code to
|
|
Rust-based (visitor) code
|
|
* All hash functions and tables converted to secure, randomized SipHash
|
|
|
|
Version 0.3 (July 2012)
|
|
------------------------
|
|
|
|
* ~1900 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* New coding conveniences
|
|
* Integer-literal suffix inference
|
|
* Per-item control over warnings, errors
|
|
* #[cfg(windows)] and #[cfg(unix)] attributes
|
|
* Documentation comments
|
|
* More compact closure syntax
|
|
* 'do' expressions for treating higher-order functions as
|
|
control structures
|
|
* *-patterns (wildcard extended to all constructor fields)
|
|
|
|
* Semantic cleanup
|
|
* Name resolution pass and exhaustiveness checker rewritten
|
|
* Region pointers and borrow checking supersede alias
|
|
analysis
|
|
* Init-ness checking is now provided by a region-based liveness
|
|
pass instead of the typestate pass; same for last-use analysis
|
|
* Extensive work on region pointers
|
|
|
|
* Experimental new language features
|
|
* Slices and fixed-size, interior-allocated vectors
|
|
* #!-comments for lang versioning, shell execution
|
|
* Destructors and iface implementation for classes;
|
|
type-parameterized classes and class methods
|
|
* 'const' type kind for types that can be used to implement
|
|
shared-memory concurrency patterns
|
|
|
|
* Type reflection
|
|
|
|
* Removal of various obsolete features
|
|
* Keywords: 'be', 'prove', 'syntax', 'note', 'mutable', 'bind',
|
|
'crust', 'native' (now 'extern'), 'cont' (now 'again')
|
|
|
|
* Constructs: do-while loops ('do' repurposed), fn binding,
|
|
resources (replaced by destructors)
|
|
|
|
* Compiler reorganization
|
|
* Syntax-layer of compiler split into separate crate
|
|
* Clang (from LLVM project) integrated into build
|
|
* Typechecker split into sub-modules
|
|
|
|
* New library code
|
|
* New time functions
|
|
* Extension methods for many built-in types
|
|
* Arc: atomic-refcount read-only / exclusive-use shared cells
|
|
* Par: parallel map and search routines
|
|
* Extensive work on libuv interface
|
|
* Much vector code moved to libraries
|
|
* Syntax extensions: #line, #col, #file, #mod, #stringify,
|
|
#include, #include_str, #include_bin
|
|
|
|
* Tool improvements
|
|
* Cargo automatically resolves dependencies
|
|
|
|
Version 0.2 (March 2012)
|
|
-------------------------
|
|
|
|
* >1500 changes, numerous bugfixes
|
|
|
|
* New docs and doc tooling
|
|
|
|
* New port: FreeBSD x86_64
|
|
|
|
* Compilation model enhancements
|
|
* Generics now specialized, multiply instantiated
|
|
* Functions now inlined across separate crates
|
|
|
|
* Scheduling, stack and threading fixes
|
|
* Noticeably improved message-passing performance
|
|
* Explicit schedulers
|
|
* Callbacks from C
|
|
* Helgrind clean
|
|
|
|
* Experimental new language features
|
|
* Operator overloading
|
|
* Region pointers
|
|
* Classes
|
|
|
|
* Various language extensions
|
|
* C-callback function types: 'crust fn ...'
|
|
* Infinite-loop construct: 'loop { ... }'
|
|
* Shorten 'mutable' to 'mut'
|
|
* Required mutable-local qualifier: 'let mut ...'
|
|
* Basic glob-exporting: 'export foo::*;'
|
|
* Alt now exhaustive, 'alt check' for runtime-checked
|
|
* Block-function form of 'for' loop, with 'break' and 'ret'.
|
|
|
|
* New library code
|
|
* AST quasi-quote syntax extension
|
|
* Revived libuv interface
|
|
* New modules: core::{future, iter}, std::arena
|
|
* Merged per-platform std::{os*, fs*} to core::{libc, os}
|
|
* Extensive cleanup, regularization in libstd, libcore
|
|
|
|
Version 0.1 (January 20, 2012)
|
|
-------------------------------
|
|
|
|
* Most language features work, including:
|
|
* Unique pointers, unique closures, move semantics
|
|
* Interface-constrained generics
|
|
* Static interface dispatch
|
|
* Stack growth
|
|
* Multithread task scheduling
|
|
* Typestate predicates
|
|
* Failure unwinding, destructors
|
|
* Pattern matching and destructuring assignment
|
|
* Lightweight block-lambda syntax
|
|
* Preliminary macro-by-example
|
|
|
|
* Compiler works with the following configurations:
|
|
* Linux: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
|
|
* MacOS: x86 and x86_64 hosts and targets
|
|
* Windows: x86 hosts and targets
|
|
|
|
* Cross compilation / multi-target configuration supported.
|
|
|
|
* Preliminary API-documentation and package-management tools included.
|
|
|
|
Known issues:
|
|
|
|
* Documentation is incomplete.
|
|
|
|
* Performance is below intended target.
|
|
|
|
* Standard library APIs are subject to extensive change, reorganization.
|
|
|
|
* Language-level versioning is not yet operational - future code will
|
|
break unexpectedly.
|