// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

#[allow(missing_doc)];


use std::cmp;
use std::iter::RandomAccessIterator;
use std::iter::{Rev, Enumerate, Repeat, Map, Zip};
use std::ops;
use std::uint;
use std::vec;

#[deriving(Clone)]
struct SmallBitv {
    /// only the lowest nbits of this value are used. the rest is undefined.
    bits: uint
}

/// a mask that has a 1 for each defined bit in a small_bitv, assuming n bits
#[inline]
fn small_mask(nbits: uint) -> uint {
    (1 << nbits) - 1
}

impl SmallBitv {
    pub fn new(bits: uint) -> SmallBitv {
        SmallBitv {bits: bits}
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn bits_op(&mut self,
                   right_bits: uint,
                   nbits: uint,
                   f: |uint, uint| -> uint)
                   -> bool {
        let mask = small_mask(nbits);
        let old_b: uint = self.bits;
        let new_b = f(old_b, right_bits);
        self.bits = new_b;
        mask & old_b != mask & new_b
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn union(&mut self, s: &SmallBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.bits_op(s.bits, nbits, |u1, u2| u1 | u2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn intersect(&mut self, s: &SmallBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.bits_op(s.bits, nbits, |u1, u2| u1 & u2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn become(&mut self, s: &SmallBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.bits_op(s.bits, nbits, |_u1, u2| u2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn difference(&mut self, s: &SmallBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.bits_op(s.bits, nbits, |u1, u2| u1 & !u2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn get(&self, i: uint) -> bool {
        (self.bits & (1 << i)) != 0
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set(&mut self, i: uint, x: bool) {
        if x {
            self.bits |= 1<<i;
        }
        else {
            self.bits &= !(1<<i);
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn equals(&self, b: &SmallBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        let mask = small_mask(nbits);
        mask & self.bits == mask & b.bits
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn clear(&mut self) { self.bits = 0; }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set_all(&mut self) { self.bits = !0; }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_true(&self, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        small_mask(nbits) & !self.bits == 0
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_false(&self, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        small_mask(nbits) & self.bits == 0
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn negate(&mut self) { self.bits = !self.bits; }
}

#[deriving(Clone)]
struct BigBitv {
    storage: ~[uint]
}

/**
 * A mask that has a 1 for each defined bit in the n'th element of a `BigBitv`,
 * assuming n bits.
 */
#[inline]
fn big_mask(nbits: uint, elem: uint) -> uint {
    let rmd = nbits % uint::BITS;
    let nelems = nbits/uint::BITS + if rmd == 0 {0} else {1};

    if elem < nelems - 1 || rmd == 0 {
        !0
    } else {
        (1 << rmd) - 1
    }
}

impl BigBitv {
    pub fn new(storage: ~[uint]) -> BigBitv {
        BigBitv {storage: storage}
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn process(&mut self,
                   b: &BigBitv,
                   nbits: uint,
                   op: |uint, uint| -> uint)
                   -> bool {
        let len = b.storage.len();
        assert_eq!(self.storage.len(), len);
        let mut changed = false;
        for (i, (a, b)) in self.storage.mut_iter()
                               .zip(b.storage.iter())
                               .enumerate() {
            let mask = big_mask(nbits, i);
            let w0 = *a & mask;
            let w1 = *b & mask;
            let w = op(w0, w1) & mask;
            if w0 != w {
                changed = true;
                *a = w;
            }
        }
        changed
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn each_storage(&mut self, op: |v: &mut uint| -> bool) -> bool {
        self.storage.mut_iter().advance(|elt| op(elt))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn negate(&mut self) {
        self.each_storage(|w| { *w = !*w; true });
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn union(&mut self, b: &BigBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.process(b, nbits, |w1, w2| w1 | w2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn intersect(&mut self, b: &BigBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.process(b, nbits, |w1, w2| w1 & w2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn become(&mut self, b: &BigBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.process(b, nbits, |_, w| w)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn difference(&mut self, b: &BigBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        self.process(b, nbits, |w1, w2| w1 & !w2)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn get(&self, i: uint) -> bool {
        let w = i / uint::BITS;
        let b = i % uint::BITS;
        let x = 1 & self.storage[w] >> b;
        x == 1
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn set(&mut self, i: uint, x: bool) {
        let w = i / uint::BITS;
        let b = i % uint::BITS;
        let flag = 1 << b;
        self.storage[w] = if x { self.storage[w] | flag }
                          else { self.storage[w] & !flag };
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn equals(&self, b: &BigBitv, nbits: uint) -> bool {
        for (i, elt) in b.storage.iter().enumerate() {
            let mask = big_mask(nbits, i);
            if mask & self.storage[i] != mask & *elt {
                return false;
            }
        }
        true
    }
}

#[deriving(Clone)]
enum BitvVariant { Big(BigBitv), Small(SmallBitv) }

enum Op {Union, Intersect, Assign, Difference}

/// The bitvector type
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct Bitv {
    /// Internal representation of the bit vector (small or large)
    priv rep: BitvVariant,
    /// The number of valid bits in the internal representation
    priv nbits: uint
}

fn die() -> ! {
    fail!("Tried to do operation on bit vectors with different sizes");
}

impl Bitv {
    #[inline]
    fn do_op(&mut self, op: Op, other: &Bitv) -> bool {
        if self.nbits != other.nbits {
            die();
        }
        match self.rep {
          Small(ref mut s) => match other.rep {
            Small(ref s1) => match op {
              Union      => s.union(s1,      self.nbits),
              Intersect  => s.intersect(s1,  self.nbits),
              Assign     => s.become(s1,     self.nbits),
              Difference => s.difference(s1, self.nbits)
            },
            Big(_) => die()
          },
          Big(ref mut s) => match other.rep {
            Small(_) => die(),
            Big(ref s1) => match op {
              Union      => s.union(s1,      self.nbits),
              Intersect  => s.intersect(s1,  self.nbits),
              Assign     => s.become(s1,     self.nbits),
              Difference => s.difference(s1, self.nbits)
            }
          }
        }
    }

}

impl Bitv {
    pub fn new(nbits: uint, init: bool) -> Bitv {
        let rep = if nbits < uint::BITS {
            Small(SmallBitv::new(if init {(1<<nbits)-1} else {0}))
        } else if nbits == uint::BITS {
            Small(SmallBitv::new(if init {!0} else {0}))
        } else {
            let exact = nbits % uint::BITS == 0;
            let nelems = nbits/uint::BITS + if exact {0} else {1};
            let s =
                if init {
                    if exact {
                        vec::from_elem(nelems, !0u)
                    } else {
                        let mut v = vec::from_elem(nelems-1, !0u);
                        v.push((1<<nbits % uint::BITS)-1);
                        v
                    }
                } else { vec::from_elem(nelems, 0u)};
            Big(BigBitv::new(s))
        };
        Bitv {rep: rep, nbits: nbits}
    }

    /**
     * Calculates the union of two bitvectors
     *
     * Sets `self` to the union of `self` and `v1`. Both bitvectors must be
     * the same length. Returns `true` if `self` changed.
    */
    #[inline]
    pub fn union(&mut self, v1: &Bitv) -> bool { self.do_op(Union, v1) }

    /**
     * Calculates the intersection of two bitvectors
     *
     * Sets `self` to the intersection of `self` and `v1`. Both bitvectors
     * must be the same length. Returns `true` if `self` changed.
    */
    #[inline]
    pub fn intersect(&mut self, v1: &Bitv) -> bool {
        self.do_op(Intersect, v1)
    }

    /**
     * Assigns the value of `v1` to `self`
     *
     * Both bitvectors must be the same length. Returns `true` if `self` was
     * changed
     */
    #[inline]
    pub fn assign(&mut self, v: &Bitv) -> bool { self.do_op(Assign, v) }

    /// Retrieve the value at index `i`
    #[inline]
    pub fn get(&self, i: uint) -> bool {
        assert!((i < self.nbits));
        match self.rep {
            Big(ref b)   => b.get(i),
            Small(ref s) => s.get(i)
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the value of a bit at a given index
     *
     * `i` must be less than the length of the bitvector.
     */
    #[inline]
    pub fn set(&mut self, i: uint, x: bool) {
      assert!((i < self.nbits));
      match self.rep {
        Big(ref mut b)   => b.set(i, x),
        Small(ref mut s) => s.set(i, x)
      }
    }

    /**
     * Compares two bitvectors
     *
     * Both bitvectors must be the same length. Returns `true` if both
     * bitvectors contain identical elements.
     */
    #[inline]
    pub fn equal(&self, v1: &Bitv) -> bool {
      if self.nbits != v1.nbits { return false; }
      match self.rep {
        Small(ref b) => match v1.rep {
          Small(ref b1) => b.equals(b1, self.nbits),
          _ => false
        },
        Big(ref s) => match v1.rep {
          Big(ref s1) => s.equals(s1, self.nbits),
          Small(_) => return false
        }
      }
    }

    /// Set all bits to 0
    #[inline]
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        match self.rep {
            Small(ref mut b) => b.clear(),
            Big(ref mut s) => {
                s.each_storage(|w| { *w = 0u; true });
            }
        }
    }

    /// Set all bits to 1
    #[inline]
    pub fn set_all(&mut self) {
        match self.rep {
            Small(ref mut b) => b.set_all(),
            Big(ref mut s) => {
                s.each_storage(|w| { *w = !0u; true });
            }
        }
    }

    /// Flip all bits
    #[inline]
    pub fn negate(&mut self) {
        match self.rep {
            Small(ref mut s) => s.negate(),
            Big(ref mut b) => b.negate(),
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calculate the difference between two bitvectors
     *
     * Sets each element of `v0` to the value of that element minus the
     * element of `v1` at the same index. Both bitvectors must be the same
     * length.
     *
     * Returns `true` if `v0` was changed.
     */
    #[inline]
    pub fn difference(&mut self, v: &Bitv) -> bool {
        self.do_op(Difference, v)
    }

    /// Returns `true` if all bits are 1
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_true(&self) -> bool {
      match self.rep {
        Small(ref b) => b.is_true(self.nbits),
        _ => {
          for i in self.iter() { if !i { return false; } }
          true
        }
      }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> Bits<'a> {
        Bits {bitv: self, next_idx: 0, end_idx: self.nbits}
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn rev_iter<'a>(&'a self) -> Rev<Bits<'a>> {
        self.iter().rev()
    }

    /// Returns `true` if all bits are 0
    pub fn is_false(&self) -> bool {
      match self.rep {
        Small(ref b) => b.is_false(self.nbits),
        Big(_) => {
          for i in self.iter() { if i { return false; } }
          true
        }
      }
    }

    pub fn init_to_vec(&self, i: uint) -> uint {
      return if self.get(i) { 1 } else { 0 };
    }

    /**
     * Converts `self` to a vector of `uint` with the same length.
     *
     * Each `uint` in the resulting vector has either value `0u` or `1u`.
     */
    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> ~[uint] {
        vec::from_fn(self.nbits, |x| self.init_to_vec(x))
    }

    /**
     * Organise the bits into bytes, such that the first bit in the
     * `Bitv` becomes the high-order bit of the first byte. If the
     * size of the `Bitv` is not a multiple of 8 then trailing bits
     * will be filled-in with false/0
     */
    pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> ~[u8] {
        fn bit (bitv: &Bitv, byte: uint, bit: uint) -> u8 {
            let offset = byte * 8 + bit;
            if offset >= bitv.nbits {
                0
            } else {
                bitv[offset] as u8 << (7 - bit)
            }
        }

        let len = self.nbits/8 +
                  if self.nbits % 8 == 0 { 0 } else { 1 };
        vec::from_fn(len, |i|
            bit(self, i, 0) |
            bit(self, i, 1) |
            bit(self, i, 2) |
            bit(self, i, 3) |
            bit(self, i, 4) |
            bit(self, i, 5) |
            bit(self, i, 6) |
            bit(self, i, 7)
        )
    }

    /**
     * Transform `self` into a `[bool]` by turning each bit into a `bool`.
     */
    pub fn to_bools(&self) -> ~[bool] {
        vec::from_fn(self.nbits, |i| self[i])
    }

    /**
     * Converts `self` to a string.
     *
     * The resulting string has the same length as `self`, and each
     * character is either '0' or '1'.
     */
     pub fn to_str(&self) -> ~str {
        let mut rs = ~"";
        for i in self.iter() {
            if i {
                rs.push_char('1');
            } else {
                rs.push_char('0');
            }
        };
        rs
     }


    /**
     * Compare a bitvector to a vector of `bool`.
     *
     * Both the bitvector and vector must have the same length.
     */
    pub fn eq_vec(&self, v: &[bool]) -> bool {
        assert_eq!(self.nbits, v.len());
        let mut i = 0;
        while i < self.nbits {
            if self.get(i) != v[i] { return false; }
            i = i + 1;
        }
        true
    }

    pub fn ones(&self, f: |uint| -> bool) -> bool {
        range(0u, self.nbits).advance(|i| !self.get(i) || f(i))
    }

}

/**
 * Transform a byte-vector into a `Bitv`. Each byte becomes 8 bits,
 * with the most significant bits of each byte coming first. Each
 * bit becomes `true` if equal to 1 or `false` if equal to 0.
 */
pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Bitv {
    from_fn(bytes.len() * 8, |i| {
        let b = bytes[i / 8] as uint;
        let offset = i % 8;
        b >> (7 - offset) & 1 == 1
    })
}

/**
 * Transform a `[bool]` into a `Bitv` by converting each `bool` into a bit.
 */
pub fn from_bools(bools: &[bool]) -> Bitv {
    from_fn(bools.len(), |i| bools[i])
}

/**
 * Create a `Bitv` of the specified length where the value at each
 * index is `f(index)`.
 */
pub fn from_fn(len: uint, f: |index: uint| -> bool) -> Bitv {
    let mut bitv = Bitv::new(len, false);
    for i in range(0u, len) {
        bitv.set(i, f(i));
    }
    bitv
}

impl ops::Index<uint,bool> for Bitv {
    fn index(&self, i: &uint) -> bool {
        self.get(*i)
    }
}

#[inline]
fn iterate_bits(base: uint, bits: uint, f: |uint| -> bool) -> bool {
    if bits == 0 {
        return true;
    }
    for i in range(0u, uint::BITS) {
        if bits & (1 << i) != 0 {
            if !f(base + i) {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/// An iterator for `Bitv`.
pub struct Bits<'a> {
    priv bitv: &'a Bitv,
    priv next_idx: uint,
    priv end_idx: uint,
}

impl<'a> Iterator<bool> for Bits<'a> {
    #[inline]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<bool> {
        if self.next_idx != self.end_idx {
            let idx = self.next_idx;
            self.next_idx += 1;
            Some(self.bitv.get(idx))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) {
        let rem = self.end_idx - self.next_idx;
        (rem, Some(rem))
    }
}

impl<'a> DoubleEndedIterator<bool> for Bits<'a> {
    #[inline]
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<bool> {
        if self.next_idx != self.end_idx {
            self.end_idx -= 1;
            Some(self.bitv.get(self.end_idx))
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> ExactSize<bool> for Bits<'a> {}

impl<'a> RandomAccessIterator<bool> for Bits<'a> {
    #[inline]
    fn indexable(&self) -> uint {
        self.end_idx - self.next_idx
    }

    #[inline]
    fn idx(&self, index: uint) -> Option<bool> {
        if index >= self.indexable() {
            None
        } else {
            Some(self.bitv.get(index))
        }
    }
}

/// An implementation of a set using a bit vector as an underlying
/// representation for holding numerical elements.
///
/// It should also be noted that the amount of storage necessary for holding a
/// set of objects is proportional to the maximum of the objects when viewed
/// as a `uint`.
#[deriving(Clone)]
pub struct BitvSet {
    priv size: uint,

    // In theory this is a `Bitv` instead of always a `BigBitv`, but knowing that
    // there's an array of storage makes our lives a whole lot easier when
    // performing union/intersection/etc operations
    priv bitv: BigBitv
}

impl BitvSet {
    /// Creates a new bit vector set with initially no contents
    pub fn new() -> BitvSet {
        BitvSet{ size: 0, bitv: BigBitv::new(~[0]) }
    }

    /// Creates a new bit vector set from the given bit vector
    pub fn from_bitv(bitv: Bitv) -> BitvSet {
        let mut size = 0;
        bitv.ones(|_| {
            size += 1;
            true
        });
        let Bitv{rep, ..} = bitv;
        match rep {
            Big(b) => BitvSet{ size: size, bitv: b },
            Small(SmallBitv{bits}) =>
                BitvSet{ size: size, bitv: BigBitv{ storage: ~[bits] } },
        }
    }

    /// Returns the capacity in bits for this bit vector. Inserting any
    /// element less than this amount will not trigger a resizing.
    pub fn capacity(&self) -> uint { self.bitv.storage.len() * uint::BITS }

    /// Consumes this set to return the underlying bit vector
    pub fn unwrap(self) -> Bitv {
        let cap = self.capacity();
        let BitvSet{bitv, ..} = self;
        return Bitv{ nbits:cap, rep: Big(bitv) };
    }

    #[inline]
    fn other_op(&mut self, other: &BitvSet, f: |uint, uint| -> uint) {
        fn nbits(mut w: uint) -> uint {
            let mut bits = 0;
            for _ in range(0u, uint::BITS) {
                if w == 0 {
                    break;
                }
                bits += w & 1;
                w >>= 1;
            }
            return bits;
        }
        if self.capacity() < other.capacity() {
            self.bitv.storage.grow(other.capacity() / uint::BITS, &0);
        }
        for (i, &w) in other.bitv.storage.iter().enumerate() {
            let old = self.bitv.storage[i];
            let new = f(old, w);
            self.bitv.storage[i] = new;
            self.size += nbits(new) - nbits(old);
        }
    }

    /// Union in-place with the specified other bit vector
    pub fn union_with(&mut self, other: &BitvSet) {
        self.other_op(other, |w1, w2| w1 | w2);
    }

    /// Intersect in-place with the specified other bit vector
    pub fn intersect_with(&mut self, other: &BitvSet) {
        self.other_op(other, |w1, w2| w1 & w2);
    }

    /// Difference in-place with the specified other bit vector
    pub fn difference_with(&mut self, other: &BitvSet) {
        self.other_op(other, |w1, w2| w1 & !w2);
    }

    /// Symmetric difference in-place with the specified other bit vector
    pub fn symmetric_difference_with(&mut self, other: &BitvSet) {
        self.other_op(other, |w1, w2| w1 ^ w2);
    }

    pub fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> BitPositions<'a> {
        BitPositions {set: self, next_idx: 0}
    }

    pub fn difference(&self, other: &BitvSet, f: |&uint| -> bool) -> bool {
        for (i, w1, w2) in self.commons(other) {
            if !iterate_bits(i, w1 & !w2, |b| f(&b)) {
                return false
            }
        };
        /* everything we have that they don't also shows up */
        self.outliers(other).advance(|(mine, i, w)|
            !mine || iterate_bits(i, w, |b| f(&b))
        )
    }

    pub fn symmetric_difference(&self, other: &BitvSet, f: |&uint| -> bool)
                                -> bool {
        for (i, w1, w2) in self.commons(other) {
            if !iterate_bits(i, w1 ^ w2, |b| f(&b)) {
                return false
            }
        };
        self.outliers(other).advance(|(_, i, w)| iterate_bits(i, w, |b| f(&b)))
    }

    pub fn intersection(&self, other: &BitvSet, f: |&uint| -> bool) -> bool {
        self.commons(other).advance(|(i, w1, w2)| iterate_bits(i, w1 & w2, |b| f(&b)))
    }

    pub fn union(&self, other: &BitvSet, f: |&uint| -> bool) -> bool {
        for (i, w1, w2) in self.commons(other) {
            if !iterate_bits(i, w1 | w2, |b| f(&b)) {
                return false
            }
        };
        self.outliers(other).advance(|(_, i, w)| iterate_bits(i, w, |b| f(&b)))
    }
}

impl cmp::Eq for BitvSet {
    fn eq(&self, other: &BitvSet) -> bool {
        if self.size != other.size {
            return false;
        }
        for (_, w1, w2) in self.commons(other) {
            if w1 != w2 {
                return false;
            }
        }
        for (_, _, w) in self.outliers(other) {
            if w != 0 {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    fn ne(&self, other: &BitvSet) -> bool { !self.eq(other) }
}

impl Container for BitvSet {
    #[inline]
    fn len(&self) -> uint { self.size }
}

impl Mutable for BitvSet {
    fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.bitv.each_storage(|w| { *w = 0; true });
        self.size = 0;
    }
}

impl Set<uint> for BitvSet {
    fn contains(&self, value: &uint) -> bool {
        *value < self.bitv.storage.len() * uint::BITS && self.bitv.get(*value)
    }

    fn is_disjoint(&self, other: &BitvSet) -> bool {
        self.intersection(other, |_| false)
    }

    fn is_subset(&self, other: &BitvSet) -> bool {
        for (_, w1, w2) in self.commons(other) {
            if w1 & w2 != w1 {
                return false;
            }
        }
        /* If anything is not ours, then everything is not ours so we're
           definitely a subset in that case. Otherwise if there's any stray
           ones that 'other' doesn't have, we're not a subset. */
        for (mine, _, w) in self.outliers(other) {
            if !mine {
                return true;
            } else if w != 0 {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    fn is_superset(&self, other: &BitvSet) -> bool {
        other.is_subset(self)
    }
}

impl MutableSet<uint> for BitvSet {
    fn insert(&mut self, value: uint) -> bool {
        if self.contains(&value) {
            return false;
        }
        let nbits = self.capacity();
        if value >= nbits {
            let newsize = cmp::max(value, nbits * 2) / uint::BITS + 1;
            assert!(newsize > self.bitv.storage.len());
            self.bitv.storage.grow(newsize, &0);
        }
        self.size += 1;
        self.bitv.set(value, true);
        return true;
    }

    fn remove(&mut self, value: &uint) -> bool {
        if !self.contains(value) {
            return false;
        }
        self.size -= 1;
        self.bitv.set(*value, false);

        // Attempt to truncate our storage
        let mut i = self.bitv.storage.len();
        while i > 1 && self.bitv.storage[i - 1] == 0 {
            i -= 1;
        }
        self.bitv.storage.truncate(i);

        return true;
    }
}

impl BitvSet {
    /// Visits each of the words that the two bit vectors (`self` and `other`)
    /// both have in common. The three yielded arguments are (bit location,
    /// w1, w2) where the bit location is the number of bits offset so far,
    /// and w1/w2 are the words coming from the two vectors self, other.
    fn commons<'a>(&'a self, other: &'a BitvSet)
        -> Map<'static, ((uint, &'a uint), &'a ~[uint]), (uint, uint, uint),
               Zip<Enumerate<vec::Items<'a, uint>>, Repeat<&'a ~[uint]>>> {
        let min = cmp::min(self.bitv.storage.len(), other.bitv.storage.len());
        self.bitv.storage.slice(0, min).iter().enumerate()
            .zip(Repeat::new(&other.bitv.storage))
            .map(|((i, &w), o_store)| (i * uint::BITS, w, o_store[i]))
    }

    /// Visits each word in `self` or `other` that extends beyond the other. This
    /// will only iterate through one of the vectors, and it only iterates
    /// over the portion that doesn't overlap with the other one.
    ///
    /// The yielded arguments are a `bool`, the bit offset, and a word. The `bool`
    /// is true if the word comes from `self`, and `false` if it comes from
    /// `other`.
    fn outliers<'a>(&'a self, other: &'a BitvSet)
        -> Map<'static, ((uint, &'a uint), uint), (bool, uint, uint),
               Zip<Enumerate<vec::Items<'a, uint>>, Repeat<uint>>> {
        let slen = self.bitv.storage.len();
        let olen = other.bitv.storage.len();

        if olen < slen {
            self.bitv.storage.slice_from(olen).iter().enumerate()
                .zip(Repeat::new(olen))
                .map(|((i, &w), min)| (true, (i + min) * uint::BITS, w))
        } else {
            other.bitv.storage.slice_from(slen).iter().enumerate()
                .zip(Repeat::new(slen))
                .map(|((i, &w), min)| (false, (i + min) * uint::BITS, w))
        }
    }
}

pub struct BitPositions<'a> {
    priv set: &'a BitvSet,
    priv next_idx: uint
}

impl<'a> Iterator<uint> for BitPositions<'a> {
    #[inline]
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<uint> {
        while self.next_idx < self.set.capacity() {
            let idx = self.next_idx;
            self.next_idx += 1;

            if self.set.contains(&idx) {
                return Some(idx);
            }
        }

        return None;
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) {
        (0, Some(self.set.capacity() - self.next_idx))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    extern crate test;
    use self::test::BenchHarness;

    use bitv::{Bitv, SmallBitv, BigBitv, BitvSet, from_bools, from_fn,
               from_bytes};
    use bitv;

    use std::uint;
    use std::vec;
    use std::rand;
    use std::rand::Rng;

    static BENCH_BITS : uint = 1 << 14;

    #[test]
    fn test_to_str() {
        let zerolen = Bitv::new(0u, false);
        assert_eq!(zerolen.to_str(), ~"");

        let eightbits = Bitv::new(8u, false);
        assert_eq!(eightbits.to_str(), ~"00000000");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_0_elements() {
        let act = Bitv::new(0u, false);
        let exp = vec::from_elem::<bool>(0u, false);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(exp));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_1_element() {
        let mut act = Bitv::new(1u, false);
        assert!(act.eq_vec([false]));
        act = Bitv::new(1u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec([true]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_2_elements() {
        let mut b = bitv::Bitv::new(2, false);
        b.set(0, true);
        b.set(1, false);
        assert_eq!(b.to_str(), ~"10");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_10_elements() {
        let mut act;
        // all 0

        act = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        assert!((act.eq_vec(
                    [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false])));
        // all 1

        act = Bitv::new(10u, true);
        assert!((act.eq_vec([true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true])));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        act.set(0u, true);
        act.set(1u, true);
        act.set(2u, true);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(4u, true);
        assert!((act.eq_vec([true, true, true, true, true, false, false, false, false, false])));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        act.set(5u, true);
        act.set(6u, true);
        act.set(7u, true);
        act.set(8u, true);
        act.set(9u, true);
        assert!((act.eq_vec([false, false, false, false, false, true, true, true, true, true])));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        act.set(0u, true);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(6u, true);
        act.set(9u, true);
        assert!((act.eq_vec([true, false, false, true, false, false, true, false, false, true])));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_31_elements() {
        let mut act;
        // all 0

        act = Bitv::new(31u, false);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // all 1

        act = Bitv::new(31u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(31u, false);
        act.set(0u, true);
        act.set(1u, true);
        act.set(2u, true);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(4u, true);
        act.set(5u, true);
        act.set(6u, true);
        act.set(7u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(31u, false);
        act.set(16u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(18u, true);
        act.set(19u, true);
        act.set(20u, true);
        act.set(21u, true);
        act.set(22u, true);
        act.set(23u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(31u, false);
        act.set(24u, true);
        act.set(25u, true);
        act.set(26u, true);
        act.set(27u, true);
        act.set(28u, true);
        act.set(29u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(31u, false);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, true]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_32_elements() {
        let mut act;
        // all 0

        act = Bitv::new(32u, false);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // all 1

        act = Bitv::new(32u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true, true]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(32u, false);
        act.set(0u, true);
        act.set(1u, true);
        act.set(2u, true);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(4u, true);
        act.set(5u, true);
        act.set(6u, true);
        act.set(7u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(32u, false);
        act.set(16u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(18u, true);
        act.set(19u, true);
        act.set(20u, true);
        act.set(21u, true);
        act.set(22u, true);
        act.set(23u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(32u, false);
        act.set(24u, true);
        act.set(25u, true);
        act.set(26u, true);
        act.set(27u, true);
        act.set(28u, true);
        act.set(29u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        act.set(31u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(32u, false);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        act.set(31u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, true, true]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_33_elements() {
        let mut act;
        // all 0

        act = Bitv::new(33u, false);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // all 1

        act = Bitv::new(33u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                true, true, true, true, true, true]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(33u, false);
        act.set(0u, true);
        act.set(1u, true);
        act.set(2u, true);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(4u, true);
        act.set(5u, true);
        act.set(6u, true);
        act.set(7u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(33u, false);
        act.set(16u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(18u, true);
        act.set(19u, true);
        act.set(20u, true);
        act.set(21u, true);
        act.set(22u, true);
        act.set(23u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(33u, false);
        act.set(24u, true);
        act.set(25u, true);
        act.set(26u, true);
        act.set(27u, true);
        act.set(28u, true);
        act.set(29u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        act.set(31u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, true, false]));
        // mixed

        act = Bitv::new(33u, false);
        act.set(3u, true);
        act.set(17u, true);
        act.set(30u, true);
        act.set(31u, true);
        act.set(32u, true);
        assert!(act.eq_vec(
                [false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false,
                false, false, false, false, false, false, true, true, true]));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_equal_differing_sizes() {
        let v0 = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        let v1 = Bitv::new(11u, false);
        assert!(!v0.equal(&v1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_equal_greatly_differing_sizes() {
        let v0 = Bitv::new(10u, false);
        let v1 = Bitv::new(110u, false);
        assert!(!v0.equal(&v1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_equal_sneaky_small() {
        let mut a = bitv::Bitv::new(1, false);
        a.set(0, true);

        let mut b = bitv::Bitv::new(1, true);
        b.set(0, true);

        assert!(a.equal(&b));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_equal_sneaky_big() {
        let mut a = bitv::Bitv::new(100, false);
        for i in range(0u, 100) {
            a.set(i, true);
        }

        let mut b = bitv::Bitv::new(100, true);
        for i in range(0u, 100) {
            b.set(i, true);
        }

        assert!(a.equal(&b));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_bytes() {
        let bitv = from_bytes([0b10110110, 0b00000000, 0b11111111]);
        let str = ~"10110110" + "00000000" + "11111111";
        assert_eq!(bitv.to_str(), str);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_bytes() {
        let mut bv = Bitv::new(3, true);
        bv.set(1, false);
        assert_eq!(bv.to_bytes(), ~[0b10100000]);

        let mut bv = Bitv::new(9, false);
        bv.set(2, true);
        bv.set(8, true);
        assert_eq!(bv.to_bytes(), ~[0b00100000, 0b10000000]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_bools() {
        assert!(from_bools([true, false, true, true]).to_str() ==
            ~"1011");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_bools() {
        let bools = ~[false, false, true, false, false, true, true, false];
        assert_eq!(from_bytes([0b00100110]).to_bools(), bools);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_iterator() {
        let bools = [true, false, true, true];
        let bitv = from_bools(bools);

        for (act, &ex) in bitv.iter().zip(bools.iter()) {
            assert_eq!(ex, act);
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_iterator() {
        let bools = [true, false, true, true];
        let bitv = BitvSet::from_bitv(from_bools(bools));

        let idxs: ~[uint] = bitv.iter().collect();
        assert_eq!(idxs, ~[0, 2, 3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_frombitv_init() {
        let bools = [true, false];
        let lengths = [10, 64, 100];
        for &b in bools.iter() {
            for &l in lengths.iter() {
                let bitset = BitvSet::from_bitv(Bitv::new(l, b));
                assert_eq!(bitset.contains(&1u), b)
                assert_eq!(bitset.contains(&(l-1u)), b)
                assert!(!bitset.contains(&l))
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_small_difference() {
        let mut b1 = Bitv::new(3, false);
        let mut b2 = Bitv::new(3, false);
        b1.set(0, true);
        b1.set(1, true);
        b2.set(1, true);
        b2.set(2, true);
        assert!(b1.difference(&b2));
        assert!(b1[0]);
        assert!(!b1[1]);
        assert!(!b1[2]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_big_difference() {
        let mut b1 = Bitv::new(100, false);
        let mut b2 = Bitv::new(100, false);
        b1.set(0, true);
        b1.set(40, true);
        b2.set(40, true);
        b2.set(80, true);
        assert!(b1.difference(&b2));
        assert!(b1[0]);
        assert!(!b1[40]);
        assert!(!b1[80]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_small_clear() {
        let mut b = Bitv::new(14, true);
        b.clear();
        b.ones(|i| {
            fail!("found 1 at {:?}", i)
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_big_clear() {
        let mut b = Bitv::new(140, true);
        b.clear();
        b.ones(|i| {
            fail!("found 1 at {:?}", i)
        });
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_basic() {
        let mut b = BitvSet::new();
        assert!(b.insert(3));
        assert!(!b.insert(3));
        assert!(b.contains(&3));
        assert!(b.insert(400));
        assert!(!b.insert(400));
        assert!(b.contains(&400));
        assert_eq!(b.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_intersection() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();
        let mut b = BitvSet::new();

        assert!(a.insert(11));
        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.insert(3));
        assert!(a.insert(77));
        assert!(a.insert(103));
        assert!(a.insert(5));

        assert!(b.insert(2));
        assert!(b.insert(11));
        assert!(b.insert(77));
        assert!(b.insert(5));
        assert!(b.insert(3));

        let mut i = 0;
        let expected = [3, 5, 11, 77];
        a.intersection(&b, |x| {
            assert_eq!(*x, expected[i]);
            i += 1;
            true
        });
        assert_eq!(i, expected.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_difference() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();
        let mut b = BitvSet::new();

        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.insert(3));
        assert!(a.insert(5));
        assert!(a.insert(200));
        assert!(a.insert(500));

        assert!(b.insert(3));
        assert!(b.insert(200));

        let mut i = 0;
        let expected = [1, 5, 500];
        a.difference(&b, |x| {
            assert_eq!(*x, expected[i]);
            i += 1;
            true
        });
        assert_eq!(i, expected.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_symmetric_difference() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();
        let mut b = BitvSet::new();

        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.insert(3));
        assert!(a.insert(5));
        assert!(a.insert(9));
        assert!(a.insert(11));

        assert!(b.insert(3));
        assert!(b.insert(9));
        assert!(b.insert(14));
        assert!(b.insert(220));

        let mut i = 0;
        let expected = [1, 5, 11, 14, 220];
        a.symmetric_difference(&b, |x| {
            assert_eq!(*x, expected[i]);
            i += 1;
            true
        });
        assert_eq!(i, expected.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_set_union() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();
        let mut b = BitvSet::new();
        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.insert(3));
        assert!(a.insert(5));
        assert!(a.insert(9));
        assert!(a.insert(11));
        assert!(a.insert(160));
        assert!(a.insert(19));
        assert!(a.insert(24));

        assert!(b.insert(1));
        assert!(b.insert(5));
        assert!(b.insert(9));
        assert!(b.insert(13));
        assert!(b.insert(19));

        let mut i = 0;
        let expected = [1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 19, 24, 160];
        a.union(&b, |x| {
            assert_eq!(*x, expected[i]);
            i += 1;
            true
        });
        assert_eq!(i, expected.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_remove() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();

        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.remove(&1));

        assert!(a.insert(100));
        assert!(a.remove(&100));

        assert!(a.insert(1000));
        assert!(a.remove(&1000));
        assert_eq!(a.capacity(), uint::BITS);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitv_clone() {
        let mut a = BitvSet::new();

        assert!(a.insert(1));
        assert!(a.insert(100));
        assert!(a.insert(1000));

        let mut b = a.clone();

        assert_eq!(&a, &b);

        assert!(b.remove(&1));
        assert!(a.contains(&1));

        assert!(a.remove(&1000));
        assert!(b.contains(&1000));
    }

    fn rng() -> rand::IsaacRng {
        let seed = &[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0];
        rand::SeedableRng::from_seed(seed)
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_uint_small(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = 0 as uint;
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv |= (1 << ((r.next_u32() as uint) % uint::BITS));
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_small_bitv_small(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = SmallBitv::new(uint::BITS);
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.set((r.next_u32() as uint) % uint::BITS, true);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_big_bitv_small(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = BigBitv::new(~[0]);
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.set((r.next_u32() as uint) % uint::BITS, true);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_big_bitv_big(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut storage = ~[];
        storage.grow(BENCH_BITS / uint::BITS, &0u);
        let mut bitv = BigBitv::new(storage);
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.set((r.next_u32() as uint) % BENCH_BITS, true);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_big(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = Bitv::new(BENCH_BITS, false);
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.set((r.next_u32() as uint) % BENCH_BITS, true);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_small(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = Bitv::new(uint::BITS, false);
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.set((r.next_u32() as uint) % uint::BITS, true);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_set_small(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = BitvSet::new();
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.insert((r.next_u32() as uint) % uint::BITS);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_set_big(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut r = rng();
        let mut bitv = BitvSet::new();
        b.iter(|| {
            bitv.insert((r.next_u32() as uint) % BENCH_BITS);
            &bitv
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_big_union(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let mut b1 = Bitv::new(BENCH_BITS, false);
        let b2 = Bitv::new(BENCH_BITS, false);
        b.iter(|| {
            b1.union(&b2);
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_btv_small_iter(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let bitv = Bitv::new(uint::BITS, false);
        b.iter(|| {
            let mut _sum = 0;
            for pres in bitv.iter() {
                _sum += pres as uint;
            }
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitv_big_iter(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let bitv = Bitv::new(BENCH_BITS, false);
        b.iter(|| {
            let mut _sum = 0;
            for pres in bitv.iter() {
                _sum += pres as uint;
            }
        })
    }

    #[bench]
    fn bench_bitvset_iter(b: &mut BenchHarness) {
        let bitv = BitvSet::from_bitv(from_fn(BENCH_BITS,
                                              |idx| {idx % 3 == 0}));
        b.iter(|| {
            let mut _sum = 0;
            for idx in bitv.iter() {
                _sum += idx;
            }
        })
    }
}