use clippy_utils::diagnostics::{span_lint_hir, span_lint_hir_and_then}; use clippy_utils::source::snippet_opt; use clippy_utils::ty::{has_drop, is_copy, is_type_diagnostic_item, walk_ptrs_ty_depth}; use clippy_utils::{fn_has_unsatisfiable_preds, match_def_path, paths}; use if_chain::if_chain; use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap; use rustc_errors::Applicability; use rustc_hir::intravisit::FnKind; use rustc_hir::{def_id, Body, FnDecl, HirId}; use rustc_index::bit_set::{BitSet, HybridBitSet}; use rustc_lint::{LateContext, LateLintPass}; use rustc_middle::mir::{ self, traversal, visit::{MutatingUseContext, NonMutatingUseContext, PlaceContext, Visitor as _}, Mutability, }; use rustc_middle::ty::{self, fold::TypeVisitor, Ty}; use rustc_mir_dataflow::{Analysis, AnalysisDomain, CallReturnPlaces, GenKill, GenKillAnalysis, ResultsCursor}; use rustc_session::{declare_lint_pass, declare_tool_lint}; use rustc_span::source_map::{BytePos, Span}; use rustc_span::sym; use std::ops::ControlFlow; macro_rules! unwrap_or_continue { ($x:expr) => { match $x { Some(x) => x, None => continue, } }; } declare_clippy_lint! { /// ### What it does /// Checks for a redundant `clone()` (and its relatives) which clones an owned /// value that is going to be dropped without further use. /// /// ### Why is this bad? /// It is not always possible for the compiler to eliminate useless /// allocations and deallocations generated by redundant `clone()`s. /// /// ### Known problems /// False-negatives: analysis performed by this lint is conservative and limited. /// /// ### Example /// ```rust /// # use std::path::Path; /// # #[derive(Clone)] /// # struct Foo; /// # impl Foo { /// # fn new() -> Self { Foo {} } /// # } /// # fn call(x: Foo) {} /// { /// let x = Foo::new(); /// call(x.clone()); /// call(x.clone()); // this can just pass `x` /// } /// /// ["lorem", "ipsum"].join(" ").to_string(); /// /// Path::new("/a/b").join("c").to_path_buf(); /// ``` #[clippy::version = "1.32.0"] pub REDUNDANT_CLONE, perf, "`clone()` of an owned value that is going to be dropped immediately" } declare_lint_pass!(RedundantClone => [REDUNDANT_CLONE]); impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for RedundantClone { #[expect(clippy::too_many_lines)] fn check_fn( &mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, _: FnKind<'tcx>, _: &'tcx FnDecl<'_>, body: &'tcx Body<'_>, _: Span, _: HirId, ) { let def_id = cx.tcx.hir().body_owner_def_id(body.id()); // Building MIR for `fn`s with unsatisfiable preds results in ICE. if fn_has_unsatisfiable_preds(cx, def_id.to_def_id()) { return; } let mir = cx.tcx.optimized_mir(def_id.to_def_id()); let possible_origin = { let mut vis = PossibleOriginVisitor::new(mir); vis.visit_body(mir); vis.into_map(cx) }; let maybe_storage_live_result = MaybeStorageLive .into_engine(cx.tcx, mir) .pass_name("redundant_clone") .iterate_to_fixpoint() .into_results_cursor(mir); let mut possible_borrower = { let mut vis = PossibleBorrowerVisitor::new(cx, mir, possible_origin); vis.visit_body(mir); vis.into_map(cx, maybe_storage_live_result) }; for (bb, bbdata) in mir.basic_blocks().iter_enumerated() { let terminator = bbdata.terminator(); if terminator.source_info.span.from_expansion() { continue; } // Give up on loops if terminator.successors().any(|s| s == bb) { continue; } let (fn_def_id, arg, arg_ty, clone_ret) = unwrap_or_continue!(is_call_with_ref_arg(cx, mir, &terminator.kind)); let from_borrow = match_def_path(cx, fn_def_id, &paths::CLONE_TRAIT_METHOD) || match_def_path(cx, fn_def_id, &paths::TO_OWNED_METHOD) || (match_def_path(cx, fn_def_id, &paths::TO_STRING_METHOD) && is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, arg_ty, sym::String)); let from_deref = !from_borrow && (match_def_path(cx, fn_def_id, &paths::PATH_TO_PATH_BUF) || match_def_path(cx, fn_def_id, &paths::OS_STR_TO_OS_STRING)); if !from_borrow && !from_deref { continue; } if let ty::Adt(def, _) = arg_ty.kind() { if def.is_manually_drop() { continue; } } // `{ arg = &cloned; clone(move arg); }` or `{ arg = &cloned; to_path_buf(arg); }` let (cloned, cannot_move_out) = unwrap_or_continue!(find_stmt_assigns_to(cx, mir, arg, from_borrow, bb)); let loc = mir::Location { block: bb, statement_index: bbdata.statements.len(), }; // `Local` to be cloned, and a local of `clone` call's destination let (local, ret_local) = if from_borrow { // `res = clone(arg)` can be turned into `res = move arg;` // if `arg` is the only borrow of `cloned` at this point. if cannot_move_out || !possible_borrower.only_borrowers(&[arg], cloned, loc) { continue; } (cloned, clone_ret) } else { // `arg` is a reference as it is `.deref()`ed in the previous block. // Look into the predecessor block and find out the source of deref. let ps = &mir.predecessors()[bb]; if ps.len() != 1 { continue; } let pred_terminator = mir[ps[0]].terminator(); // receiver of the `deref()` call let (pred_arg, deref_clone_ret) = if_chain! { if let Some((pred_fn_def_id, pred_arg, pred_arg_ty, res)) = is_call_with_ref_arg(cx, mir, &pred_terminator.kind); if res == cloned; if cx.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::deref_method, pred_fn_def_id); if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, pred_arg_ty, sym::PathBuf) || is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, pred_arg_ty, sym::OsString); then { (pred_arg, res) } else { continue; } }; let (local, cannot_move_out) = unwrap_or_continue!(find_stmt_assigns_to(cx, mir, pred_arg, true, ps[0])); let loc = mir::Location { block: bb, statement_index: mir.basic_blocks()[bb].statements.len(), }; // This can be turned into `res = move local` if `arg` and `cloned` are not borrowed // at the last statement: // // ``` // pred_arg = &local; // cloned = deref(pred_arg); // arg = &cloned; // StorageDead(pred_arg); // res = to_path_buf(cloned); // ``` if cannot_move_out || !possible_borrower.only_borrowers(&[arg, cloned], local, loc) { continue; } (local, deref_clone_ret) }; let clone_usage = if local == ret_local { CloneUsage { cloned_used: false, cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc: None, clone_consumed_or_mutated: true, } } else { let clone_usage = visit_clone_usage(local, ret_local, mir, bb); if clone_usage.cloned_used && clone_usage.clone_consumed_or_mutated { // cloned value is used, and the clone is modified or moved continue; } else if let Some(loc) = clone_usage.cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc { // cloned value is mutated, and the clone is alive. if possible_borrower.local_is_alive_at(ret_local, loc) { continue; } } clone_usage }; let span = terminator.source_info.span; let scope = terminator.source_info.scope; let node = mir.source_scopes[scope] .local_data .as_ref() .assert_crate_local() .lint_root; if_chain! { if let Some(snip) = snippet_opt(cx, span); if let Some(dot) = snip.rfind('.'); then { let sugg_span = span.with_lo( span.lo() + BytePos(u32::try_from(dot).unwrap()) ); let mut app = Applicability::MaybeIncorrect; let call_snip = &snip[dot + 1..]; // Machine applicable when `call_snip` looks like `foobar()` if let Some(call_snip) = call_snip.strip_suffix("()").map(str::trim) { if call_snip.as_bytes().iter().all(|b| b.is_ascii_alphabetic() || *b == b'_') { app = Applicability::MachineApplicable; } } span_lint_hir_and_then(cx, REDUNDANT_CLONE, node, sugg_span, "redundant clone", |diag| { diag.span_suggestion( sugg_span, "remove this", "", app, ); if clone_usage.cloned_used { diag.span_note( span, "cloned value is neither consumed nor mutated", ); } else { diag.span_note( span.with_hi(span.lo() + BytePos(u32::try_from(dot).unwrap())), "this value is dropped without further use", ); } }); } else { span_lint_hir(cx, REDUNDANT_CLONE, node, span, "redundant clone"); } } } } } /// If `kind` is `y = func(x: &T)` where `T: !Copy`, returns `(DefId of func, x, T, y)`. fn is_call_with_ref_arg<'tcx>( cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, mir: &'tcx mir::Body<'tcx>, kind: &'tcx mir::TerminatorKind<'tcx>, ) -> Option<(def_id::DefId, mir::Local, Ty<'tcx>, mir::Local)> { if_chain! { if let mir::TerminatorKind::Call { func, args, destination, .. } = kind; if args.len() == 1; if let mir::Operand::Move(mir::Place { local, .. }) = &args[0]; if let ty::FnDef(def_id, _) = *func.ty(mir, cx.tcx).kind(); if let (inner_ty, 1) = walk_ptrs_ty_depth(args[0].ty(mir, cx.tcx)); if !is_copy(cx, inner_ty); then { Some((def_id, *local, inner_ty, destination.as_local()?)) } else { None } } } type CannotMoveOut = bool; /// Finds the first `to = (&)from`, and returns /// ``Some((from, whether `from` cannot be moved out))``. fn find_stmt_assigns_to<'tcx>( cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, mir: &mir::Body<'tcx>, to_local: mir::Local, by_ref: bool, bb: mir::BasicBlock, ) -> Option<(mir::Local, CannotMoveOut)> { let rvalue = mir.basic_blocks()[bb].statements.iter().rev().find_map(|stmt| { if let mir::StatementKind::Assign(box (mir::Place { local, .. }, v)) = &stmt.kind { return if *local == to_local { Some(v) } else { None }; } None })?; match (by_ref, rvalue) { (true, mir::Rvalue::Ref(_, _, place)) | (false, mir::Rvalue::Use(mir::Operand::Copy(place))) => { Some(base_local_and_movability(cx, mir, *place)) }, (false, mir::Rvalue::Ref(_, _, place)) => { if let [mir::ProjectionElem::Deref] = place.as_ref().projection { Some(base_local_and_movability(cx, mir, *place)) } else { None } }, _ => None, } } /// Extracts and returns the undermost base `Local` of given `place`. Returns `place` itself /// if it is already a `Local`. /// /// Also reports whether given `place` cannot be moved out. fn base_local_and_movability<'tcx>( cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, mir: &mir::Body<'tcx>, place: mir::Place<'tcx>, ) -> (mir::Local, CannotMoveOut) { use rustc_middle::mir::PlaceRef; // Dereference. You cannot move things out from a borrowed value. let mut deref = false; // Accessing a field of an ADT that has `Drop`. Moving the field out will cause E0509. let mut field = false; // If projection is a slice index then clone can be removed only if the // underlying type implements Copy let mut slice = false; let PlaceRef { local, mut projection } = place.as_ref(); while let [base @ .., elem] = projection { projection = base; deref |= matches!(elem, mir::ProjectionElem::Deref); field |= matches!(elem, mir::ProjectionElem::Field(..)) && has_drop(cx, mir::Place::ty_from(local, projection, &mir.local_decls, cx.tcx).ty); slice |= matches!(elem, mir::ProjectionElem::Index(..)) && !is_copy(cx, mir::Place::ty_from(local, projection, &mir.local_decls, cx.tcx).ty); } (local, deref || field || slice) } #[derive(Default)] struct CloneUsage { /// Whether the cloned value is used after the clone. cloned_used: bool, /// The first location where the cloned value is consumed or mutated, if any. cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc: Option, /// Whether the clone value is mutated. clone_consumed_or_mutated: bool, } fn visit_clone_usage(cloned: mir::Local, clone: mir::Local, mir: &mir::Body<'_>, bb: mir::BasicBlock) -> CloneUsage { struct V { cloned: mir::Local, clone: mir::Local, result: CloneUsage, } impl<'tcx> mir::visit::Visitor<'tcx> for V { fn visit_basic_block_data(&mut self, block: mir::BasicBlock, data: &mir::BasicBlockData<'tcx>) { let statements = &data.statements; for (statement_index, statement) in statements.iter().enumerate() { self.visit_statement(statement, mir::Location { block, statement_index }); } self.visit_terminator( data.terminator(), mir::Location { block, statement_index: statements.len(), }, ); } fn visit_place(&mut self, place: &mir::Place<'tcx>, ctx: PlaceContext, loc: mir::Location) { let local = place.local; if local == self.cloned && !matches!( ctx, PlaceContext::MutatingUse(MutatingUseContext::Drop) | PlaceContext::NonUse(_) ) { self.result.cloned_used = true; self.result.cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc = self.result.cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc.or_else(|| { matches!( ctx, PlaceContext::NonMutatingUse(NonMutatingUseContext::Move) | PlaceContext::MutatingUse(MutatingUseContext::Borrow) ) .then(|| loc) }); } else if local == self.clone { match ctx { PlaceContext::NonMutatingUse(NonMutatingUseContext::Move) | PlaceContext::MutatingUse(MutatingUseContext::Borrow) => { self.result.clone_consumed_or_mutated = true; }, _ => {}, } } } } let init = CloneUsage { cloned_used: false, cloned_consume_or_mutate_loc: None, // Consider non-temporary clones consumed. // TODO: Actually check for mutation of non-temporaries. clone_consumed_or_mutated: mir.local_kind(clone) != mir::LocalKind::Temp, }; traversal::ReversePostorder::new(mir, bb) .skip(1) .fold(init, |usage, (tbb, tdata)| { // Short-circuit if (usage.cloned_used && usage.clone_consumed_or_mutated) || // Give up on loops tdata.terminator().successors().any(|s| s == bb) { return CloneUsage { cloned_used: true, clone_consumed_or_mutated: true, ..usage }; } let mut v = V { cloned, clone, result: usage, }; v.visit_basic_block_data(tbb, tdata); v.result }) } /// Determines liveness of each local purely based on `StorageLive`/`Dead`. #[derive(Copy, Clone)] struct MaybeStorageLive; impl<'tcx> AnalysisDomain<'tcx> for MaybeStorageLive { type Domain = BitSet; const NAME: &'static str = "maybe_storage_live"; fn bottom_value(&self, body: &mir::Body<'tcx>) -> Self::Domain { // bottom = dead BitSet::new_empty(body.local_decls.len()) } fn initialize_start_block(&self, body: &mir::Body<'tcx>, state: &mut Self::Domain) { for arg in body.args_iter() { state.insert(arg); } } } impl<'tcx> GenKillAnalysis<'tcx> for MaybeStorageLive { type Idx = mir::Local; fn statement_effect(&self, trans: &mut impl GenKill, stmt: &mir::Statement<'tcx>, _: mir::Location) { match stmt.kind { mir::StatementKind::StorageLive(l) => trans.gen(l), mir::StatementKind::StorageDead(l) => trans.kill(l), _ => (), } } fn terminator_effect( &self, _trans: &mut impl GenKill, _terminator: &mir::Terminator<'tcx>, _loc: mir::Location, ) { } fn call_return_effect( &self, _trans: &mut impl GenKill, _block: mir::BasicBlock, _return_places: CallReturnPlaces<'_, 'tcx>, ) { // Nothing to do when a call returns successfully } } /// Collects the possible borrowers of each local. /// For example, `b = &a; c = &a;` will make `b` and (transitively) `c` /// possible borrowers of `a`. struct PossibleBorrowerVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { possible_borrower: TransitiveRelation, body: &'a mir::Body<'tcx>, cx: &'a LateContext<'tcx>, possible_origin: FxHashMap>, } impl<'a, 'tcx> PossibleBorrowerVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { fn new( cx: &'a LateContext<'tcx>, body: &'a mir::Body<'tcx>, possible_origin: FxHashMap>, ) -> Self { Self { possible_borrower: TransitiveRelation::default(), cx, body, possible_origin, } } fn into_map( self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, maybe_live: ResultsCursor<'tcx, 'tcx, MaybeStorageLive>, ) -> PossibleBorrowerMap<'a, 'tcx> { let mut map = FxHashMap::default(); for row in (1..self.body.local_decls.len()).map(mir::Local::from_usize) { if is_copy(cx, self.body.local_decls[row].ty) { continue; } let mut borrowers = self.possible_borrower.reachable_from(row, self.body.local_decls.len()); borrowers.remove(mir::Local::from_usize(0)); if !borrowers.is_empty() { map.insert(row, borrowers); } } let bs = BitSet::new_empty(self.body.local_decls.len()); PossibleBorrowerMap { map, maybe_live, bitset: (bs.clone(), bs), } } } impl<'a, 'tcx> mir::visit::Visitor<'tcx> for PossibleBorrowerVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { fn visit_assign(&mut self, place: &mir::Place<'tcx>, rvalue: &mir::Rvalue<'_>, _location: mir::Location) { let lhs = place.local; match rvalue { mir::Rvalue::Ref(_, _, borrowed) => { self.possible_borrower.add(borrowed.local, lhs); }, other => { if ContainsRegion .visit_ty(place.ty(&self.body.local_decls, self.cx.tcx).ty) .is_continue() { return; } rvalue_locals(other, |rhs| { if lhs != rhs { self.possible_borrower.add(rhs, lhs); } }); }, } } fn visit_terminator(&mut self, terminator: &mir::Terminator<'_>, _loc: mir::Location) { if let mir::TerminatorKind::Call { args, destination: mir::Place { local: dest, .. }, .. } = &terminator.kind { // TODO add doc // If the call returns something with lifetimes, // let's conservatively assume the returned value contains lifetime of all the arguments. // For example, given `let y: Foo<'a> = foo(x)`, `y` is considered to be a possible borrower of `x`. let mut immutable_borrowers = vec![]; let mut mutable_borrowers = vec![]; for op in args { match op { mir::Operand::Copy(p) | mir::Operand::Move(p) => { if let ty::Ref(_, _, Mutability::Mut) = self.body.local_decls[p.local].ty.kind() { mutable_borrowers.push(p.local); } else { immutable_borrowers.push(p.local); } }, mir::Operand::Constant(..) => (), } } let mut mutable_variables: Vec = mutable_borrowers .iter() .filter_map(|r| self.possible_origin.get(r)) .flat_map(HybridBitSet::iter) .collect(); if ContainsRegion.visit_ty(self.body.local_decls[*dest].ty).is_break() { mutable_variables.push(*dest); } for y in mutable_variables { for x in &immutable_borrowers { self.possible_borrower.add(*x, y); } for x in &mutable_borrowers { self.possible_borrower.add(*x, y); } } } } } /// Collect possible borrowed for every `&mut` local. /// For example, `_1 = &mut _2` generate _1: {_2,...} /// Known Problems: not sure all borrowed are tracked struct PossibleOriginVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { possible_origin: TransitiveRelation, body: &'a mir::Body<'tcx>, } impl<'a, 'tcx> PossibleOriginVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { fn new(body: &'a mir::Body<'tcx>) -> Self { Self { possible_origin: TransitiveRelation::default(), body, } } fn into_map(self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>) -> FxHashMap> { let mut map = FxHashMap::default(); for row in (1..self.body.local_decls.len()).map(mir::Local::from_usize) { if is_copy(cx, self.body.local_decls[row].ty) { continue; } let mut borrowers = self.possible_origin.reachable_from(row, self.body.local_decls.len()); borrowers.remove(mir::Local::from_usize(0)); if !borrowers.is_empty() { map.insert(row, borrowers); } } map } } impl<'a, 'tcx> mir::visit::Visitor<'tcx> for PossibleOriginVisitor<'a, 'tcx> { fn visit_assign(&mut self, place: &mir::Place<'tcx>, rvalue: &mir::Rvalue<'_>, _location: mir::Location) { let lhs = place.local; match rvalue { // Only consider `&mut`, which can modify origin place mir::Rvalue::Ref(_, rustc_middle::mir::BorrowKind::Mut { .. }, borrowed) | // _2: &mut _; // _3 = move _2 mir::Rvalue::Use(mir::Operand::Move(borrowed)) | // _3 = move _2 as &mut _; mir::Rvalue::Cast(_, mir::Operand::Move(borrowed), _) => { self.possible_origin.add(lhs, borrowed.local); }, _ => {}, } } } struct ContainsRegion; impl TypeVisitor<'_> for ContainsRegion { type BreakTy = (); fn visit_region(&mut self, _: ty::Region<'_>) -> ControlFlow { ControlFlow::BREAK } } fn rvalue_locals(rvalue: &mir::Rvalue<'_>, mut visit: impl FnMut(mir::Local)) { use rustc_middle::mir::Rvalue::{Aggregate, BinaryOp, Cast, CheckedBinaryOp, Repeat, UnaryOp, Use}; let mut visit_op = |op: &mir::Operand<'_>| match op { mir::Operand::Copy(p) | mir::Operand::Move(p) => visit(p.local), mir::Operand::Constant(..) => (), }; match rvalue { Use(op) | Repeat(op, _) | Cast(_, op, _) | UnaryOp(_, op) => visit_op(op), Aggregate(_, ops) => ops.iter().for_each(visit_op), BinaryOp(_, box (lhs, rhs)) | CheckedBinaryOp(_, box (lhs, rhs)) => { visit_op(lhs); visit_op(rhs); }, _ => (), } } /// Result of `PossibleBorrowerVisitor`. struct PossibleBorrowerMap<'a, 'tcx> { /// Mapping `Local -> its possible borrowers` map: FxHashMap>, maybe_live: ResultsCursor<'a, 'tcx, MaybeStorageLive>, // Caches to avoid allocation of `BitSet` on every query bitset: (BitSet, BitSet), } impl PossibleBorrowerMap<'_, '_> { /// Returns true if the set of borrowers of `borrowed` living at `at` matches with `borrowers`. fn only_borrowers(&mut self, borrowers: &[mir::Local], borrowed: mir::Local, at: mir::Location) -> bool { self.maybe_live.seek_after_primary_effect(at); self.bitset.0.clear(); let maybe_live = &mut self.maybe_live; if let Some(bitset) = self.map.get(&borrowed) { for b in bitset.iter().filter(move |b| maybe_live.contains(*b)) { self.bitset.0.insert(b); } } else { return false; } self.bitset.1.clear(); for b in borrowers { self.bitset.1.insert(*b); } self.bitset.0 == self.bitset.1 } fn local_is_alive_at(&mut self, local: mir::Local, at: mir::Location) -> bool { self.maybe_live.seek_after_primary_effect(at); self.maybe_live.contains(local) } } #[derive(Default)] struct TransitiveRelation { relations: FxHashMap>, } impl TransitiveRelation { fn add(&mut self, a: mir::Local, b: mir::Local) { self.relations.entry(a).or_default().push(b); } fn reachable_from(&self, a: mir::Local, domain_size: usize) -> HybridBitSet { let mut seen = HybridBitSet::new_empty(domain_size); let mut stack = vec![a]; while let Some(u) = stack.pop() { if let Some(edges) = self.relations.get(&u) { for &v in edges { if seen.insert(v) { stack.push(v); } } } } seen } }