// Copyright 2013 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

//! Sampling from random distributions

// Some implementations use the Ziggurat method
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat_algorithm
//
// The version used here is ZIGNOR [Doornik 2005, "An Improved
// Ziggurat Method to Generate Normal Random Samples"] which is slower
// (about double, it generates an extra random number) than the
// canonical version [Marsaglia & Tsang 2000, "The Ziggurat Method for
// Generating Random Variables"], but more robust. If one wanted, one
// could implement VIZIGNOR the ZIGNOR paper for more speed.

use num;
use rand::{Rng,Rand};

mod ziggurat_tables;

// inlining should mean there is no performance penalty for this
#[inline]
fn ziggurat<R:Rng>(rng: &mut R,
                   center_u: bool,
                   X: ziggurat_tables::ZigTable,
                   F: ziggurat_tables::ZigTable,
                   F_DIFF: ziggurat_tables::ZigTable,
                   pdf: &'static fn(f64) -> f64, // probability density function
                   zero_case: &'static fn(&mut R, f64) -> f64) -> f64 {
    loop {
        let u = if center_u {2.0 * rng.gen() - 1.0} else {rng.gen()};
        let i: uint = rng.gen::<uint>() & 0xff;
        let x = u * X[i];

        let test_x = if center_u {num::abs(x)} else {x};

        // algebraically equivalent to |u| < X[i+1]/X[i] (or u < X[i+1]/X[i])
        if test_x < X[i + 1] {
            return x;
        }
        if i == 0 {
            return zero_case(rng, u);
        }
        // algebraically equivalent to f1 + DRanU()*(f0 - f1) < 1
        if F[i+1] + F_DIFF[i+1] * rng.gen() < pdf(x) {
            return x;
        }
    }
}

/// A wrapper around an `f64` to generate N(0, 1) random numbers (a.k.a.  a
/// standard normal, or Gaussian). Multiplying the generated values by the
/// desired standard deviation `sigma` then adding the desired mean `mu` will
/// give N(mu, sigma^2) distributed random numbers.
///
/// Note that this has to be unwrapped before use as an `f64` (using either
/// `*` or `cast::transmute` is safe).
///
/// # Example
///
/// ~~~
/// use std::rand::distributions::StandardNormal;
///
/// fn main() {
///     let normal = 2.0 + (*rand::random::<StandardNormal>()) * 3.0;
///     printfln!("%f is from a N(2, 9) distribution", normal)
/// }
/// ~~~
pub struct StandardNormal(f64);

impl Rand for StandardNormal {
    fn rand<R:Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> StandardNormal {
        #[inline]
        fn pdf(x: f64) -> f64 {
            ((-x*x/2.0) as f64).exp()
        }
        #[inline]
        fn zero_case<R:Rng>(rng: &mut R, u: f64) -> f64 {
            // compute a random number in the tail by hand

            // strange initial conditions, because the loop is not
            // do-while, so the condition should be true on the first
            // run, they get overwritten anyway (0 < 1, so these are
            // good).
            let mut x = 1.0f64;
            let mut y = 0.0f64;

            // XXX infinities?
            while -2.0 * y < x * x {
                x = rng.gen::<f64>().ln() / ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R;
                y = rng.gen::<f64>().ln();
            }

            if u < 0.0 { x - ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R } else { ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_R - x }
        }

        StandardNormal(ziggurat(
            rng,
            true, // this is symmetric
            &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_X,
            &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_F, &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_NORM_F_DIFF,
            pdf, zero_case))
    }
}

/// A wrapper around an `f64` to generate Exp(1) random numbers. Dividing by
/// the desired rate `lambda` will give Exp(lambda) distributed random
/// numbers.
///
/// Note that this has to be unwrapped before use as an `f64` (using either
/// `*` or `cast::transmute` is safe).
///
/// # Example
///
/// ~~~
/// use std::rand::distributions::Exp1;
///
/// fn main() {
///     let exp2 = (*rand::random::<Exp1>()) * 0.5;
///     printfln!("%f is from a Exp(2) distribution", exp2);
/// }
/// ~~~
pub struct Exp1(f64);

// This could be done via `-rng.gen::<f64>().ln()` but that is slower.
impl Rand for Exp1 {
    #[inline]
    fn rand<R:Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Exp1 {
        #[inline]
        fn pdf(x: f64) -> f64 {
            (-x).exp()
        }
        #[inline]
        fn zero_case<R:Rng>(rng: &mut R, _u: f64) -> f64 {
            ziggurat_tables::ZIG_EXP_R - rng.gen::<f64>().ln()
        }

        Exp1(ziggurat(rng, false,
                      &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_EXP_X,
                      &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_EXP_F, &ziggurat_tables::ZIG_EXP_F_DIFF,
                      pdf, zero_case))
    }
}