Refactor and fix intra-doc link diagnostics, and fix links to primitives
Closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/76925, closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/76693, closes https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/76692.
Originally I only meant to fix#76925. But the hack with `has_primitive` was so bad it was easier to fix the primitive issues than to try and work around it.
Note that this still has one bug: `std::primitive::i32::MAX` does not resolve. However, this fixes the ICE so I'm fine with fixing the link in a later PR.
This is part of a series of refactors to make #76467 possible.
This is best reviewed commit-by-commit; it has detailed commit messages.
r? `@euclio`
- Add `PrimTy::name` and `PrimTy::name_str`
- Use those new functions to distinguish between the name in scope and
the canonical name
- Fix diagnostics for primitive types
- Add tests for primitives
