In Chapter 5.9 (References and Borrowing), there is an example [at the very end](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/references-and-borrowing.html#use-after-free) which shows that declaring a reference before declaring the variable that it points to results in a compilation error. The book does not really mention why this happens though -- in the sections before, it has described how different scopes affects the lifetime of resources, but there is no mention of how resources within the same scope work.
This confused me a little, so I asked on #rust and got the answer that the resources are destroyed in the reverse order that they are declared, but the book makes no mention of it (as far as I can find) -- except in Chapter 5.21 (Drop), where it says:
> When `x` goes out of scope at the end of `main()`, the code for `Drop` will run. `Drop` has one method, which is also called `drop()`. It takes a mutable reference to `self`.
>
> That’s it! The mechanics of `Drop` are very simple, but there are some subtleties. For example, values are dropped in the opposite order they are declared. [...]
---
I feel like Chapter 5.9 (References and Borrowing) is probably the best place to put this information (as I have done in my additions), since it deals with other types of referencing and borrowing. However, since English is not my native language, the wording of my additions perhaps are a little "off" -- any feedback on them is appreciated.
This branch begins the work of unifying our type checking contexts into a single piece of state. The goal is to eventually have a single context that we can pass around instead of the fractured situation we currently have. There are still several things that must be done before beginning to make tables item local:
- [ ] move FulfillmentContext into InferCtxt
- [ ] modify SelectionContext to only take a single context argument
- [ ] remove remaining typer impls
- [ ] remove the ClosureTyper + Typer trait
- [ ] do some renaming to make these things more applicable to their new roles
r? @nikomatsakis
As a side note there are a couple oddities that are temporary refactors that will be quickly cleaned up in a follow-up PR.
cc @eddyb @Aatch @arielb1 @nrc
Setting append without write doesn't give you a writeable file. Showing
it as an example in the docs is confusing at best.
Using truncate on a read-only file is an error on POSIX systems (note
however that using create with read-only flags is fine).
This commit enables executables linked against the standard library to run on
Windows XP. There are two main components of this commit:
* APIs not available on XP are shimmed to have a fallback implementation and use
runtime detection to determine if they are available.
* Mutexes on Windows were reimplemented to use critical sections on XP where
rwlocks are not available.
The APIs which are not available on XP are:
* SetFileInformationByHandle - this is just used by `File::truncate` and that
function just returns an error now.
* SetThreadStackGuarantee - this is used by the stack overflow support on
windows, but if this isn't available then it's just ignored (it seems
non-critical).
* All condition variable APIs are missing - the shims added for these apis
simply always panic for now. We may eventually provide a fallback
implementation, but for now the standard library does not rely on condition
variables for normal use.
* RWLocks, like condition variables, are missing entirely. The same story for
condition variables is taken here. These APIs are all now panicking stubs as
the standard library doesn't rely on RWLocks for normal use.
Currently, as an optimization, we use SRWLOCKs for the standard `sync::Mutex`
implementation on Windows, which is indeed required for normal operation of the
standard library. To allow the standard library to run on XP, this commit
reimplements mutexes on Windows to use SRWLOCK instances *if available* and
otherwise a CriticalSection is used (with some checking for recursive
locking).
With all these changes put together, a 32-bit MSVC-built executable can run on
Windows XP and print "hello world"
Closes#12842Closes#19992Closes#24776
This first patch starts by moving around pieces of state related to
type checking. The goal is to slowly unify the type checking state
into a single typing context. This initial patch moves the
ParameterEnvironment into the InferCtxt and moves shared tables
from Inherited and ty::ctxt into their own struct Tables. This
is the foundational work to refactoring the type checker to
enable future evolution of the language and tooling.
It turns out that the 32-bit toolchain for MSVC has many of these functions as
`static inline` functions in header files so there's not actually a symbol for
Rust to call. All of the implementations just cast floats to their 64-bit
variants and then cast back to 32-bit at the end, so the standard library now
takes this strategy.
Now that LLVM has been updated, the only remaining roadblock to implementing
unwinding for MSVC is to fill out the runtime support in `std::rt::unwind::seh`.
This commit does precisely that, fixing up some other bits and pieces along the
way:
* The `seh` unwinding module now uses `RaiseException` to initiate a panic.
* The `rust_try.ll` file was rewritten for MSVC (as it's quite different) and is
located at `rust_try_msvc_64.ll`, only included on MSVC builds for now.
* The personality function for all landing pads generated by LLVM is hard-wired
to `__C_specific_handler` instead of the standard `rust_eh_personality` lang
item. This is required to get LLVM to emit SEH unwinding information instead
of DWARF unwinding information. This also means that on MSVC the
`rust_eh_personality` function is entirely unused (but is defined as it's a
lang item).
More details about how panicking works on SEH can be found in the
`rust_try_msvc_64.ll` or `seh.rs` files, but I'm always open to adding more
comments!
A key aspect of this PR is missing, however, which is that **unwinding is still
turned off by default for MSVC**. There is a [bug in llvm][llvm-bug] which
causes optimizations to inline enough landing pads that LLVM chokes. If the
compiler is optimized at `-O1` (where inlining isn't enabled) then it can
bootstrap with unwinding enabled, but when optimized at `-O2` (inlining is
enabled) then it hits a fatal LLVM error.
[llvm-bug]: https://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=23884
Storing them as FCAs is a regression from the recent change that made
fat pointers immediate return values so that they are passed in
registers instead of memory.
Storing them as FCAs is a regression from the recent change that made
fat pointers immediate return values so that they are passed in
registers instead of memory.
This removes a footgun, since it is a reasonable assumption to make that
pointers to `T` will be aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. This also matches
the behaviour of C/C++. `min_align_of` is now deprecated.
Closes#21611.
