Previously, resolve was allowing impls, traits or classes that were
nested within a fn to refer to upvars, as well as referring to type
parameters bound by the fn. Fixing this required adding a new kind of
def: def_typaram_binder, which can refer to any of an impl, trait or
class that has bound ty params. resolve uses this to enforce that
methods can refer to their parent item's type parameters, but not to
outer items' type parameters; other stages ignore it. I also made
sure that impl, trait and class methods get checked inside a
MethodRibKind thing so as to forbid upvars, and changed the definition
of MethodRibKind so that its second argument is an optional node_id
(so that required trait method signatures can be checked with a
MethodRibKind as well).
