resolve: `lifetimes.rs` -> `late/lifetimes.rs`
Lifetime resolution should ideally be merged into the late resolution pass, at least for named lifetimes.
Let's move it closer to it for a start.
parse: fuse associated and extern items up to defaultness
Language changes:
- The grammar of extern `type` aliases is unified with associated ones, and becomes:
```rust
TypeItem = "type" ident generics {":" bounds}? where_clause {"=" type}? ";" ;
```
Semantic restrictions (`ast_validation`) are added to forbid any parameters in `generics`, any bounds in `bounds`, and any predicates in `where_clause`, as well as the presence of a type expression (`= u8`).
(Work still remains to fuse this with free `type` aliases, but this can be done later.)
- The grammar of constants and static items (free, associated, and extern) now permits the absence of an expression, and becomes:
```rust
GlobalItem = {"const" {ident | "_"} | "static" "mut"? ident} {"=" expr}? ";" ;
```
- A semantic restriction is added to enforce the presence of the expression (the body).
- A semantic restriction is added to reject `const _` in associated contexts.
Together, these changes allow us to fuse the grammar of associated items and extern items up to `default`ness which is the main goal of the PR.
-----------------------
We are now very close to fully fusing the entirely of item parsing and their ASTs. To progress further, we must make a decision: should we parse e.g. `default use foo::bar;` and whatnot? Accepting that is likely easiest from a parsing perspective, as it does not require using look-ahead, but it is perhaps not too onerous to only accept it for `fn`s (and all their various qualifiers), `const`s, `static`s, and `type`s.
r? @petrochenkov
Remove unused feature gates
I think many of the remaining unstable things can be easily be replaced with stable things. I have kept the `#![feature(nll)]` even though it is only necessary in `libstd`, to make regressions of it harder.
Towards unified `fn` grammar
Part of https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/68728.
- Syntactically, `fn` items in `extern { ... }` blocks can now have bodies (`fn foo() { ... }` as opposed to `fn foo();`). As above, we use semantic restrictions instead.
- Syntactically, `fn` items in free contexts (directly in a file or a module) can now be without bodies (`fn foo();` as opposed to `fn foo() { ... }`. As above, we use semantic restrictions instead, including for non-ident parameter patterns.
- We move towards unifying the `fn` front matter; this is fully realized in https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/68728.
r? @petrochenkov
