This change is an implementation of [RFC 69][rfc] which adds a third kind of
global to the language, `const`. This global is most similar to what the old
`static` was, and if you're unsure about what to use then you should use a
`const`.
The semantics of these three kinds of globals are:
* A `const` does not represent a memory location, but only a value. Constants
are translated as rvalues, which means that their values are directly inlined
at usage location (similar to a #define in C/C++). Constant values are, well,
constant, and can not be modified. Any "modification" is actually a
modification to a local value on the stack rather than the actual constant
itself.
Almost all values are allowed inside constants, whether they have interior
mutability or not. There are a few minor restrictions listed in the RFC, but
they should in general not come up too often.
* A `static` now always represents a memory location (unconditionally). Any
references to the same `static` are actually a reference to the same memory
location. Only values whose types ascribe to `Sync` are allowed in a `static`.
This restriction is in place because many threads may access a `static`
concurrently. Lifting this restriction (and allowing unsafe access) is a
future extension not implemented at this time.
* A `static mut` continues to always represent a memory location. All references
to a `static mut` continue to be `unsafe`.
This is a large breaking change, and many programs will need to be updated
accordingly. A summary of the breaking changes is:
* Statics may no longer be used in patterns. Statics now always represent a
memory location, which can sometimes be modified. To fix code, repurpose the
matched-on-`static` to a `const`.
static FOO: uint = 4;
match n {
FOO => { /* ... */ }
_ => { /* ... */ }
}
change this code to:
const FOO: uint = 4;
match n {
FOO => { /* ... */ }
_ => { /* ... */ }
}
* Statics may no longer refer to other statics by value. Due to statics being
able to change at runtime, allowing them to reference one another could
possibly lead to confusing semantics. If you are in this situation, use a
constant initializer instead. Note, however, that statics may reference other
statics by address, however.
* Statics may no longer be used in constant expressions, such as array lengths.
This is due to the same restrictions as listed above. Use a `const` instead.
[breaking-change]
[rfc]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/246
This rewrites them to the current `ItemStatic` production of the compiler, but I
want to get this into a snapshot. It will be illegal to use a `static` in a
pattern of a `match` statement, so all those current uses will need to be
rewritten to `const` once it's implemented. This requires that the stage0
snapshot is able to parse `const`.
cc #17718
Modify ast::ExprMatch to include a new value of type ast::MatchSource,
making it easy to tell whether the match was written literally or
produced via desugaring. This allows us to customize error messages
appropriately.
in favor of `move`.
This breaks code that used `move` as an identifier, because it is now a
keyword. Change such identifiers to not use the keyword `move`.
Additionally, this breaks code that was counting on by-value or
by-reference capture semantics for unboxed closures (behind the feature
gate). Change `ref |:|` to `|:|` and `|:|` to `move |:|`.
Part of RFC #63; part of issue #12831.
[breaking-change]
Part of issue #16640. I am leaving this issue open to handle parsing of
higher-rank lifetimes in traits.
This change breaks code that used unboxed closures:
* Instead of `F:|&: int| -> int`, write `F:Fn(int) -> int`.
* Instead of `F:|&mut: int| -> int`, write `F:FnMut(int) -> int`.
* Instead of `F:|: int| -> int`, write `F:FnOnce(int) -> int`.
[breaking-change]
This breaks code that looked like:
mymacro!(static::foo);
... where `mymacro!` expects a path or expression. Change such macros to
not accept keywords followed by `::`.
Closes#17298.
[breaking-change]
The implementation essentially desugars during type collection and AST
type conversion time into the parameter scheme we have now. Only fully
qualified names--e.g. `<T as Foo>::Bar`--are supported.
This prevents confusing errors when accidentally using an assignment
in an `if` expression. For example:
```rust
fn main() {
let x = 1u;
if x = x {
println!("{}", x);
}
}
```
Previously, this yielded:
```
test.rs:4:16: 4:17 error: expected `:`, found `!`
test.rs:4 println!("{}", x);
^
```
With this change, it now yields:
```
test.rs:3:8: 3:13 error: mismatched types: expected `bool`, found `()` (expected bool, found ())
test.rs:3 if x = x {
^~~~~
```
Closes issue #17283
type they provide an implementation for.
This breaks code like:
mod foo {
struct Foo { ... }
}
impl foo::Foo {
...
}
Change this code to:
mod foo {
struct Foo { ... }
impl Foo {
...
}
}
Additionally, if you used the I/O path extension methods `stat`,
`lstat`, `exists`, `is_file`, or `is_dir`, note that these methods have
been moved to the the `std::io::fs::PathExtensions` trait. This breaks
code like:
fn is_it_there() -> bool {
Path::new("/foo/bar/baz").exists()
}
Change this code to:
use std::io::fs::PathExtensions;
fn is_it_there() -> bool {
Path::new("/foo/bar/baz").exists()
}
Closes#17059.
RFC #155.
[breaking-change]
