make strict-provenance imply check-number-validity
I feel like Miri not catching [this example](https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/286#issuecomment-1085144431) with strict provenance checking enabled is surprising.
OTOH, Miri suddenly complaining about uninit data in integers with `-Zmiri-strict-provenance` also might be surprising. Which one is more surprising? I don't know. We *could* go out of our way and have a mode where uninit integers are okay but provenance is not, but I am not sure if that is truly worth it. It'd be quite annoying to implement.
add -Zmiri-strict-provenance
This implements [strict provenance](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/95228) in Miri. The only change is that casting an integer to a pointer does not even attempt to produce a good provenance for the given address; instead, it always uses the invalid provenance. This stricter than even `-Zmiri-tag-raw-pointers` in that it also rejects the following example (which does not even involve Stacked Borrows):
```rust
fn main() {
let x = 22;
let ptr = &x as *const _ as *const u8;
let roundtrip = ptr as usize as *const u8;
let _ = unsafe { roundtrip.offset(1) };
}
```
The new flag also implies `-Zmiri-tag-raw-pointers` since the only reason one would *not* want to tag raw pointers is to support ptr-int-ptr roundtrips.
Note that the flag does *not* check against ptr-to-int *transmutes*; that still requires `-Zmiri-check-number-validity`. You can also check for strict provenance *without* Stacked Borrows by adding `-Zmiri-disable-stacked-borrows`.
The new "Miri hard mode" flags for maximal checking are `-Zmiri-strict-provenance -Zmiri-check-number-validity`. (Add `-Zmiri-symbolic-alignment-check` if you feel extra spicy today.)
Make backtraces work with #[global_allocator]
Currently, backtraces break when the global allocator is overridden because the allocator will attempt to deallocate memory allocated directly by Miri.
~~This PR fixes that by using a new memory kind and providing a function to deallocate it. We can't call the custom allocator to allocate because it's not possible to call a function in the middle of a shim.~~
This PR fixes that by adding a new version of the backtrace API accessible by setting `flags` to 1. Existing code still functions.
backtrace-rs PR: rust-lang/backtrace-rs#462
Fixes https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/1996
Add a lot more information to SB fatal errors
In fatal errors, this clarifies the difference between a tag not being present in the borrow stack at all, and the tag being present but granting SRO. It also introduces a little notation for memory ranges so we can mention to the user that the span may point to code that operates on multiple memory locations, but we are reporting an error at a particular offset.
This also gets rid of the unqualified phrase "the borrow stack" in errors, and clarifies that it is the borrow stack _for some location_.
The crate `pdqselect` v0.1.1:
Before:
```
2103 | unsafe { copy_nonoverlapping(src, dst, count) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ no item granting read access to tag <2357> at alloc1029 found in borrow stack.
```
After:
```
2103 | unsafe { copy_nonoverlapping(src, dst, count) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| |
| attempting a read access using <2357> at alloc1029[0x0], but that tag does not exist in the borrow stack for this location
| this error occurs as part of an access at alloc1029[0x0..0x4]
```
And the crate `half` v1.8.2
Before:
```
131 | unsafe { &mut *ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(data, len) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ trying to reborrow for Unique at alloc1051, but parent tag <2091> does not have an appropriate item in the borrow stack
```
After:
```
131 | unsafe { &mut *ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(data, len) }
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
| |
| trying to reborrow <2091> for Unique permission at alloc1051[0x0], but that tag only grants SharedReadOnly permission for this location
| this error occurs as part of a reborrow at alloc1051[0x0..0x6]
```
This tries to clarify exactly why an access is not valid by printing
what memory range the access was over, which in combination with
tag-tracking may help a user figure out the source of the problem.
add write_int_fields to replace write_packed_immediates
This avoids having to explicitly list the types of all fields -- we derive them from the type of the struct instead.
Also add write_int_fields_named, to give the fields by name instead of ordered by index.
Allow varargs for libc::open when it is allowed by the second argument
This PR allows `libc::open` to be called using two or three arguments as defined in https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/open.2.html
The presence of the third argument depends on the value of the second argument. If the second argument dictates that the third argument is *required* miri will emit an error if the argument is missing. If the second argument does *not* require a third argument, then the argument is ignored and passed as 0 internally (it would be ignored by libc anyway)
