Improve autovectorization of to_lowercase / to_uppercase functions

Refactor the code in the `convert_while_ascii` helper function to make
it more suitable for auto-vectorization and also process the full ascii
prefix of the string. The generic case conversion logic will only be
invoked starting from the first non-ascii character.

The runtime on microbenchmarks with ascii-only inputs improves between
1.5x for short and 4x for long inputs on x86_64 and aarch64.

The new implementation also encapsulates all unsafe inside the
`convert_while_ascii` function.

Fixes #123712

library/alloc/benches/str.rs

@@ -347,3 +347,5 @@ mod $name {
 
 make_test!(split_space_str, s, s.split(" ").count());
 make_test!(split_ad_str, s, s.split("ad").count());
+
+make_test!(to_lowercase, s, s.to_lowercase());

library/alloc/src/str.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
 use core::iter::FusedIterator;
+use core::mem::MaybeUninit;
 #[stable(feature = "encode_utf16", since = "1.8.0")]
 pub use core::str::EncodeUtf16;
 #[stable(feature = "split_ascii_whitespace", since = "1.34.0")]
@@ -365,14 +366,9 @@ pub fn replacen<P: Pattern>(&self, pat: P, to: &str, count: usize) -> String {
                   without modifying the original"]
     #[stable(feature = "unicode_case_mapping", since = "1.2.0")]
     pub fn to_lowercase(&self) -> String {
-        let out = convert_while_ascii(self.as_bytes(), u8::to_ascii_lowercase);
+        let (mut s, rest) = convert_while_ascii(self, u8::to_ascii_lowercase);
 
-        // Safety: we know this is a valid char boundary since
+        let prefix_len = s.len();
-        // out.len() is only progressed if ascii bytes are found
-        let rest = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(out.len()..) };
-
-        // Safety: We have written only valid ASCII to our vec
-        let mut s = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(out) };
 
         for (i, c) in rest.char_indices() {
             if c == 'Σ' {
@@ -381,8 +377,7 @@ pub fn to_lowercase(&self) -> String {
                 // in `SpecialCasing.txt`,
                 // so hard-code it rather than have a generic "condition" mechanism.
                 // See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/26035
-                let out_len = self.len() - rest.len();
+                let sigma_lowercase = map_uppercase_sigma(self, prefix_len + i);
-                let sigma_lowercase = map_uppercase_sigma(&self, i + out_len);
                 s.push(sigma_lowercase);
             } else {
                 match conversions::to_lower(c) {
@@ -458,14 +453,7 @@ fn case_ignorable_then_cased<I: Iterator<Item = char>>(iter: I) -> bool {
                   without modifying the original"]
     #[stable(feature = "unicode_case_mapping", since = "1.2.0")]
     pub fn to_uppercase(&self) -> String {
-        let out = convert_while_ascii(self.as_bytes(), u8::to_ascii_uppercase);
+        let (mut s, rest) = convert_while_ascii(self, u8::to_ascii_uppercase);
-
-        // Safety: we know this is a valid char boundary since
-        // out.len() is only progressed if ascii bytes are found
-        let rest = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(out.len()..) };
-
-        // Safety: We have written only valid ASCII to our vec
-        let mut s = unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(out) };
 
         for c in rest.chars() {
             match conversions::to_upper(c) {
@@ -614,50 +602,87 @@ pub unsafe fn from_boxed_utf8_unchecked(v: Box<[u8]>) -> Box<str> {
     unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(v) as *mut str) }
 }
 
-/// Converts the bytes while the bytes are still ascii.
+/// Converts leading ascii bytes in `s` by calling the `convert` function.
+///
 /// For better average performance, this happens in chunks of `2*size_of::<usize>()`.
-/// Returns a vec with the converted bytes.
+///
+/// Returns a tuple of the converted prefix and the remainder starting from
+/// the first non-ascii character.
+///
+/// This function is only public so that it can be verified in a codegen test,
+/// see `issue-123712-str-to-lower-autovectorization.rs`.
+#[unstable(feature = "str_internals", issue = "none")]
+#[doc(hidden)]
 #[inline]
 #[cfg(not(test))]
 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
-fn convert_while_ascii(b: &[u8], convert: fn(&u8) -> u8) -> Vec<u8> {
+pub fn convert_while_ascii(s: &str, convert: fn(&u8) -> u8) -> (String, &str) {
-    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(b.len());
+    // Process the input in chunks of 16 bytes to enable auto-vectorization.
+    // Previously the chunk size depended on the size of `usize`,
+    // but on 32-bit platforms with sse or neon is also the better choice.
+    // The only downside on other platforms would be a bit more loop-unrolling.
+    const N: usize = 16;
 
-    const USIZE_SIZE: usize = mem::size_of::<usize>();
+    let mut slice = s.as_bytes();
-    const MAGIC_UNROLL: usize = 2;
+    let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(slice.len());
-    const N: usize = USIZE_SIZE * MAGIC_UNROLL;
+    let mut out_slice = out.spare_capacity_mut();
-    const NONASCII_MASK: usize = usize::from_ne_bytes([0x80; USIZE_SIZE]);
 
-    let mut i = 0;
+    let mut ascii_prefix_len = 0_usize;
-    unsafe {
+    let mut is_ascii = [false; N];
-        while i + N <= b.len() {
-            // Safety: we have checks the sizes `b` and `out` to know that our
-            let in_chunk = b.get_unchecked(i..i + N);
-            let out_chunk = out.spare_capacity_mut().get_unchecked_mut(i..i + N);
 
-            let mut bits = 0;
+    while slice.len() >= N {
-            for j in 0..MAGIC_UNROLL {
+        // SAFETY: checked in loop condition
-                // read the bytes 1 usize at a time (unaligned since we haven't checked the alignment)
+        let chunk = unsafe { slice.get_unchecked(..N) };
-                // safety: in_chunk is valid bytes in the range
+        // SAFETY: out_slice has at least same length as input slice and gets sliced with the same offsets
-                bits |= in_chunk.as_ptr().cast::<usize>().add(j).read_unaligned();
+        let out_chunk = unsafe { out_slice.get_unchecked_mut(..N) };
+
+        for j in 0..N {
+            is_ascii[j] = chunk[j] <= 127;
         }
-            // if our chunks aren't ascii, then return only the prior bytes as init
+
-            if bits & NONASCII_MASK != 0 {
+        // Auto-vectorization for this check is a bit fragile, sum and comparing against the chunk
+        // size gives the best result, specifically a pmovmsk instruction on x86.
+        // See https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/96395 for why llvm currently does not
+        // currently recognize other similar idioms.
+        if is_ascii.iter().map(|x| *x as u8).sum::<u8>() as usize != N {
             break;
         }
 
-            // perform the case conversions on N bytes (gets heavily autovec'd)
         for j in 0..N {
-                // safety: in_chunk and out_chunk is valid bytes in the range
+            out_chunk[j] = MaybeUninit::new(convert(&chunk[j]));
-                let out = out_chunk.get_unchecked_mut(j);
-                out.write(convert(in_chunk.get_unchecked(j)));
         }
 
-            // mark these bytes as initialised
+        ascii_prefix_len += N;
-            i += N;
+        slice = unsafe { slice.get_unchecked(N..) };
-        }
+        out_slice = unsafe { out_slice.get_unchecked_mut(N..) };
-        out.set_len(i);
     }
 
-    out
+    // handle the remainder as individual bytes
+    while slice.len() > 0 {
+        let byte = slice[0];
+        if byte > 127 {
+            break;
+        }
+        // SAFETY: out_slice has at least same length as input slice
+        unsafe {
+            *out_slice.get_unchecked_mut(0) = MaybeUninit::new(convert(&byte));
+        }
+        ascii_prefix_len += 1;
+        slice = unsafe { slice.get_unchecked(1..) };
+        out_slice = unsafe { out_slice.get_unchecked_mut(1..) };
+    }
+
+    unsafe {
+        // SAFETY: ascii_prefix_len bytes have been initialized above
+        out.set_len(ascii_prefix_len);
+
+        // SAFETY: We have written only valid ascii to the output vec
+        let ascii_string = String::from_utf8_unchecked(out);
+
+        // SAFETY: we know this is a valid char boundary
+        // since we only skipped over leading ascii bytes
+        let rest = core::str::from_utf8_unchecked(slice);
+
+        (ascii_string, rest)
+    }
 }

library/alloc/tests/str.rs

@@ -1854,7 +1854,10 @@ fn to_lowercase() {
     assert_eq!("ΑΣ''Α".to_lowercase(), "ασ''α");
 
     // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/124714
+    // input lengths around the boundary of the chunk size used by the ascii prefix optimization
+    assert_eq!("abcdefghijklmnoΣ".to_lowercase(), "abcdefghijklmnoς");
     assert_eq!("abcdefghijklmnopΣ".to_lowercase(), "abcdefghijklmnopς");
+    assert_eq!("abcdefghijklmnopqΣ".to_lowercase(), "abcdefghijklmnopqς");
 
     // a really long string that has it's lowercase form
     // even longer. this tests that implementations don't assume

tests/codegen/issues/issue-123712-str-to-lower-autovectorization.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//@ only-x86_64
+//@ compile-flags: -C opt-level=3
+#![crate_type = "lib"]
+#![no_std]
+#![feature(str_internals)]
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+/// Ensure that the ascii-prefix loop for `str::to_lowercase` and `str::to_uppercase` uses vector
+/// instructions.
+///
+/// The llvm ir should be the same for all targets that support some form of simd. Only targets
+/// without any simd instructions would see scalarized ir.
+/// Unfortunately, there is no `only-simd` directive to only run this test on only such platforms,
+/// and using test revisions would still require the core libraries for all platforms.
+// CHECK-LABEL: @lower_while_ascii
+// CHECK: [[A:%[0-9]]] = load <16 x i8>
+// CHECK-NEXT: [[B:%[0-9]]] = icmp slt <16 x i8> [[A]], zeroinitializer
+// CHECK-NEXT: [[C:%[0-9]]] = bitcast <16 x i1> [[B]] to i16
+#[no_mangle]
+pub fn lower_while_ascii(s: &str) -> (alloc::string::String, &str) {
+    alloc::str::convert_while_ascii(s, u8::to_ascii_lowercase)
+}