From cef812bd958d5037224aebe3721f3ffc9c80965e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AE=B8=E6=9D=B0=E5=8F=8B=20Jieyou=20Xu=20=28Joe=29?=
 <jieyouxu@outlook.com>
Date: Fri, 23 Jun 2023 05:56:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Provide more context for `rustc +nightly -Zunstable-options`
 on stable

---
 .../src/pretty_clif.rs                        |   4 +-
 compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/args.rs        |   9 +-
 compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs         | 128 +++---
 compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs     |  33 +-
 compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs         |  89 ++--
 compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs          |  45 +-
 compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs          | 400 ++++++++----------
 compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs         |  17 +-
 compiler/rustc_session/src/search_paths.rs    |   6 +-
 compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs         |  99 +++--
 src/librustdoc/config.rs                      |  36 +-
 src/librustdoc/core.rs                        |   7 +-
 src/librustdoc/doctest.rs                     |  11 +-
 src/librustdoc/lib.rs                         |  54 ++-
 src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs                |   6 +-
 src/tools/error_index_generator/main.rs       |   5 +-
 src/tools/miri/src/bin/miri.rs                |  25 +-
 .../obtain-borrowck/driver.rs                 |   3 +-
 tests/ui-fulldeps/stable-mir/crate-info.rs    |   3 +
 19 files changed, 509 insertions(+), 471 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/pretty_clif.rs b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/pretty_clif.rs
index 1007b33eca4..5a4f9e80445 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/pretty_clif.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_codegen_cranelift/src/pretty_clif.rs
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ pub(crate) fn write_ir_file(
     let res = std::fs::File::create(clif_file_name).and_then(|mut file| write(&mut file));
     if let Err(err) = res {
         // Using early_warn as no Session is available here
-        rustc_session::early_warn(
+        let handler = rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler::new(
             rustc_session::config::ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            format!("error writing ir file: {}", err),
         );
+        handler.early_warn(format!("error writing ir file: {}", err));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/args.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/args.rs
index eb92ccc17b2..654d7636da2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/args.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/args.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use std::fmt;
 use std::fs;
 use std::io;
 
+use rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler;
+
 fn arg_expand(arg: String) -> Result<Vec<String>, Error> {
     if let Some(path) = arg.strip_prefix('@') {
         let file = match fs::read_to_string(path) {
@@ -21,15 +23,12 @@ fn arg_expand(arg: String) -> Result<Vec<String>, Error> {
 /// **Note:** This function doesn't interpret argument 0 in any special way.
 /// If this function is intended to be used with command line arguments,
 /// `argv[0]` must be removed prior to calling it manually.
-pub fn arg_expand_all(at_args: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
+pub fn arg_expand_all(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, at_args: &[String]) -> Vec<String> {
     let mut args = Vec::new();
     for arg in at_args {
         match arg_expand(arg.clone()) {
             Ok(arg) => args.extend(arg),
-            Err(err) => rustc_session::early_error(
-                rustc_session::config::ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                format!("Failed to load argument file: {err}"),
-            ),
+            Err(err) => handler.early_error(format!("Failed to load argument file: {err}")),
         }
     }
     args
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
index 984cc1557a4..4b4573ec2eb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_driver_impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@ use rustc_session::config::{
 use rustc_session::cstore::MetadataLoader;
 use rustc_session::getopts::{self, Matches};
 use rustc_session::lint::{Lint, LintId};
-use rustc_session::{config, Session};
-use rustc_session::{early_error, early_error_no_abort, early_warn};
+use rustc_session::{config, EarlyErrorHandler, Session};
 use rustc_span::source_map::{FileLoader, FileName};
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 use rustc_target::json::ToJson;
@@ -174,6 +173,7 @@ pub trait Callbacks {
     /// continue the compilation afterwards (defaults to `Compilation::Continue`)
     fn after_analysis<'tcx>(
         &mut self,
+        _handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
         _compiler: &interface::Compiler,
         _queries: &'tcx Queries<'tcx>,
     ) -> Compilation {
@@ -260,6 +260,8 @@ fn run_compiler(
         Box<dyn FnOnce(&config::Options) -> Box<dyn CodegenBackend> + Send>,
     >,
 ) -> interface::Result<()> {
+    let mut early_error_handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
     // Throw away the first argument, the name of the binary.
     // In case of at_args being empty, as might be the case by
     // passing empty argument array to execve under some platforms,
@@ -270,22 +272,22 @@ fn run_compiler(
     // the compiler with @empty_file as argv[0] and no more arguments.
     let at_args = at_args.get(1..).unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let args = args::arg_expand_all(at_args);
+    let args = args::arg_expand_all(&early_error_handler, at_args);
 
-    let Some(matches) = handle_options(&args) else { return Ok(()) };
+    let Some(matches) = handle_options(&early_error_handler, &args) else { return Ok(()) };
 
-    let sopts = config::build_session_options(&matches);
+    let sopts = config::build_session_options(&mut early_error_handler, &matches);
 
     // Set parallel mode before thread pool creation, which will create `Lock`s.
     interface::set_thread_safe_mode(&sopts.unstable_opts);
 
     if let Some(ref code) = matches.opt_str("explain") {
-        handle_explain(diagnostics_registry(), code, sopts.error_format);
+        handle_explain(&early_error_handler, diagnostics_registry(), code);
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let cfg = interface::parse_cfgspecs(matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
-    let check_cfg = interface::parse_check_cfg(matches.opt_strs("check-cfg"));
+    let cfg = interface::parse_cfgspecs(&early_error_handler, matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
+    let check_cfg = interface::parse_check_cfg(&early_error_handler, matches.opt_strs("check-cfg"));
     let (odir, ofile) = make_output(&matches);
     let mut config = interface::Config {
         opts: sopts,
@@ -304,7 +306,7 @@ fn run_compiler(
         registry: diagnostics_registry(),
     };
 
-    match make_input(config.opts.error_format, &matches.free) {
+    match make_input(&early_error_handler, &matches.free) {
         Err(reported) => return Err(reported),
         Ok(Some(input)) => {
             config.input = input;
@@ -314,8 +316,13 @@ fn run_compiler(
         Ok(None) => match matches.free.len() {
             0 => {
                 callbacks.config(&mut config);
+
+                early_error_handler.abort_if_errors();
+
                 interface::run_compiler(config, |compiler| {
                     let sopts = &compiler.session().opts;
+                    let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(sopts.error_format);
+
                     if sopts.describe_lints {
                         let mut lint_store =
                             rustc_lint::new_lint_store(compiler.session().enable_internal_lints());
@@ -329,31 +336,38 @@ fn run_compiler(
                         describe_lints(compiler.session(), &lint_store, registered_lints);
                         return;
                     }
-                    let should_stop =
-                        print_crate_info(&**compiler.codegen_backend(), compiler.session(), false);
+                    let should_stop = print_crate_info(
+                        &handler,
+                        &**compiler.codegen_backend(),
+                        compiler.session(),
+                        false,
+                    );
 
                     if should_stop == Compilation::Stop {
                         return;
                     }
-                    early_error(sopts.error_format, "no input filename given")
+                    handler.early_error("no input filename given")
                 });
                 return Ok(());
             }
             1 => panic!("make_input should have provided valid inputs"),
-            _ => early_error(
-                config.opts.error_format,
-                format!(
-                    "multiple input filenames provided (first two filenames are `{}` and `{}`)",
-                    matches.free[0], matches.free[1],
-                ),
-            ),
+            _ => early_error_handler.early_error(format!(
+                "multiple input filenames provided (first two filenames are `{}` and `{}`)",
+                matches.free[0], matches.free[1],
+            )),
         },
     };
 
+    early_error_handler.abort_if_errors();
+
     interface::run_compiler(config, |compiler| {
         let sess = compiler.session();
-        let should_stop = print_crate_info(&**compiler.codegen_backend(), sess, true)
-            .and_then(|| list_metadata(sess, &*compiler.codegen_backend().metadata_loader()))
+        let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(sess.opts.error_format);
+
+        let should_stop = print_crate_info(&handler, &**compiler.codegen_backend(), sess, true)
+            .and_then(|| {
+                list_metadata(&handler, sess, &*compiler.codegen_backend().metadata_loader())
+            })
             .and_then(|| try_process_rlink(sess, compiler));
 
         if should_stop == Compilation::Stop {
@@ -421,7 +435,7 @@ fn run_compiler(
 
             queries.global_ctxt()?.enter(|tcx| tcx.analysis(()))?;
 
-            if callbacks.after_analysis(compiler, queries) == Compilation::Stop {
+            if callbacks.after_analysis(&handler, compiler, queries) == Compilation::Stop {
                 return early_exit();
             }
 
@@ -475,7 +489,7 @@ fn make_output(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> (Option<PathBuf>, Option<OutFileNa
 
 // Extract input (string or file and optional path) from matches.
 fn make_input(
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     free_matches: &[String],
 ) -> Result<Option<Input>, ErrorGuaranteed> {
     if free_matches.len() == 1 {
@@ -485,8 +499,7 @@ fn make_input(
             if io::stdin().read_to_string(&mut src).is_err() {
                 // Immediately stop compilation if there was an issue reading
                 // the input (for example if the input stream is not UTF-8).
-                let reported = early_error_no_abort(
-                    error_format,
+                let reported = handler.early_error_no_abort(
                     "couldn't read from stdin, as it did not contain valid UTF-8",
                 );
                 return Err(reported);
@@ -527,7 +540,7 @@ impl Compilation {
     }
 }
 
-fn handle_explain(registry: Registry, code: &str, output: ErrorOutputType) {
+fn handle_explain(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, registry: Registry, code: &str) {
     let upper_cased_code = code.to_ascii_uppercase();
     let normalised =
         if upper_cased_code.starts_with('E') { upper_cased_code } else { format!("E{code:0>4}") };
@@ -557,7 +570,7 @@ fn handle_explain(registry: Registry, code: &str, output: ErrorOutputType) {
             }
         }
         Err(InvalidErrorCode) => {
-            early_error(output, format!("{code} is not a valid error code"));
+            handler.early_error(format!("{code} is not a valid error code"));
         }
     }
 }
@@ -636,7 +649,11 @@ pub fn try_process_rlink(sess: &Session, compiler: &interface::Compiler) -> Comp
     }
 }
 
-pub fn list_metadata(sess: &Session, metadata_loader: &dyn MetadataLoader) -> Compilation {
+pub fn list_metadata(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
+    sess: &Session,
+    metadata_loader: &dyn MetadataLoader,
+) -> Compilation {
     if sess.opts.unstable_opts.ls {
         match sess.io.input {
             Input::File(ref ifile) => {
@@ -646,7 +663,7 @@ pub fn list_metadata(sess: &Session, metadata_loader: &dyn MetadataLoader) -> Co
                 safe_println!("{}", String::from_utf8(v).unwrap());
             }
             Input::Str { .. } => {
-                early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), "cannot list metadata for stdin");
+                handler.early_error("cannot list metadata for stdin");
             }
         }
         return Compilation::Stop;
@@ -656,6 +673,7 @@ pub fn list_metadata(sess: &Session, metadata_loader: &dyn MetadataLoader) -> Co
 }
 
 fn print_crate_info(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     codegen_backend: &dyn CodegenBackend,
     sess: &Session,
     parse_attrs: bool,
@@ -787,10 +805,8 @@ fn print_crate_info(
                             .expect("unknown Apple target OS")
                     )
                 } else {
-                    early_error(
-                        ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                        "only Apple targets currently support deployment version info",
-                    )
+                    handler
+                        .early_error("only Apple targets currently support deployment version info")
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -801,11 +817,12 @@ fn print_crate_info(
 /// Prints version information
 ///
 /// NOTE: this is a macro to support drivers built at a different time than the main `rustc_driver` crate.
-pub macro version($binary: literal, $matches: expr) {
+pub macro version($handler: expr, $binary: literal, $matches: expr) {
     fn unw(x: Option<&str>) -> &str {
         x.unwrap_or("unknown")
     }
     $crate::version_at_macro_invocation(
+        $handler,
         $binary,
         $matches,
         unw(option_env!("CFG_VERSION")),
@@ -817,6 +834,7 @@ pub macro version($binary: literal, $matches: expr) {
 
 #[doc(hidden)] // use the macro instead
 pub fn version_at_macro_invocation(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     binary: &str,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     version: &str,
@@ -837,7 +855,7 @@ pub fn version_at_macro_invocation(
 
         let debug_flags = matches.opt_strs("Z");
         let backend_name = debug_flags.iter().find_map(|x| x.strip_prefix("codegen-backend="));
-        get_codegen_backend(&None, backend_name).print_version();
+        get_codegen_backend(handler, &None, backend_name).print_version();
     }
 }
 
@@ -1014,7 +1032,7 @@ Available lint options:
 /// Show help for flag categories shared between rustdoc and rustc.
 ///
 /// Returns whether a help option was printed.
-pub fn describe_flag_categories(matches: &Matches) -> bool {
+pub fn describe_flag_categories(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, matches: &Matches) -> bool {
     // Handle the special case of -Wall.
     let wall = matches.opt_strs("W");
     if wall.iter().any(|x| *x == "all") {
@@ -1036,15 +1054,12 @@ pub fn describe_flag_categories(matches: &Matches) -> bool {
     }
 
     if cg_flags.iter().any(|x| *x == "no-stack-check") {
-        early_warn(
-            ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            "the --no-stack-check flag is deprecated and does nothing",
-        );
+        handler.early_warn("the --no-stack-check flag is deprecated and does nothing");
     }
 
     if cg_flags.iter().any(|x| *x == "passes=list") {
         let backend_name = debug_flags.iter().find_map(|x| x.strip_prefix("codegen-backend="));
-        get_codegen_backend(&None, backend_name).print_passes();
+        get_codegen_backend(handler, &None, backend_name).print_passes();
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -1101,7 +1116,7 @@ fn print_flag_list<T>(
 ///
 /// So with all that in mind, the comments below have some more detail about the
 /// contortions done here to get things to work out correctly.
-pub fn handle_options(args: &[String]) -> Option<getopts::Matches> {
+pub fn handle_options(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, args: &[String]) -> Option<getopts::Matches> {
     if args.is_empty() {
         // user did not write `-v` nor `-Z unstable-options`, so do not
         // include that extra information.
@@ -1127,7 +1142,7 @@ pub fn handle_options(args: &[String]) -> Option<getopts::Matches> {
                 .map(|(flag, _)| format!("{e}. Did you mean `-{flag} {opt}`?")),
             _ => None,
         };
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), msg.unwrap_or_else(|| e.to_string()));
+        handler.early_error(msg.unwrap_or_else(|| e.to_string()));
     });
 
     // For all options we just parsed, we check a few aspects:
@@ -1141,7 +1156,7 @@ pub fn handle_options(args: &[String]) -> Option<getopts::Matches> {
     //   we're good to go.
     // * Otherwise, if we're an unstable option then we generate an error
     //   (unstable option being used on stable)
-    nightly_options::check_nightly_options(&matches, &config::rustc_optgroups());
+    nightly_options::check_nightly_options(handler, &matches, &config::rustc_optgroups());
 
     if matches.opt_present("h") || matches.opt_present("help") {
         // Only show unstable options in --help if we accept unstable options.
@@ -1151,12 +1166,12 @@ pub fn handle_options(args: &[String]) -> Option<getopts::Matches> {
         return None;
     }
 
-    if describe_flag_categories(&matches) {
+    if describe_flag_categories(handler, &matches) {
         return None;
     }
 
     if matches.opt_present("version") {
-        version!("rustc", &matches);
+        version!(handler, "rustc", &matches);
         return None;
     }
 
@@ -1276,7 +1291,8 @@ pub fn install_ice_hook(bug_report_url: &'static str, extra_info: fn(&Handler))
         if let Some(msg) = info.payload().downcast_ref::<String>() {
             if msg.starts_with("failed printing to stdout: ") && msg.ends_with("(os error 232)") {
                 // the error code is already going to be reported when the panic unwinds up the stack
-                let _ = early_error_no_abort(ErrorOutputType::default(), msg.clone());
+                let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+                let _ = handler.early_error_no_abort(msg.clone());
                 return;
             }
         };
@@ -1359,16 +1375,16 @@ pub fn report_ice(info: &panic::PanicInfo<'_>, bug_report_url: &str, extra_info:
 
 /// This allows tools to enable rust logging without having to magically match rustc's
 /// tracing crate version.
-pub fn init_rustc_env_logger() {
-    init_env_logger("RUSTC_LOG");
+pub fn init_rustc_env_logger(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler) {
+    init_env_logger(handler, "RUSTC_LOG");
 }
 
 /// This allows tools to enable rust logging without having to magically match rustc's
 /// tracing crate version. In contrast to `init_rustc_env_logger` it allows you to choose an env var
 /// other than `RUSTC_LOG`.
-pub fn init_env_logger(env: &str) {
+pub fn init_env_logger(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, env: &str) {
     if let Err(error) = rustc_log::init_env_logger(env) {
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), error.to_string());
+        handler.early_error(error.to_string());
     }
 }
 
@@ -1424,7 +1440,10 @@ mod signal_handler {
 pub fn main() -> ! {
     let start_time = Instant::now();
     let start_rss = get_resident_set_size();
-    init_rustc_env_logger();
+
+    let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
+    init_rustc_env_logger(&handler);
     signal_handler::install();
     let mut callbacks = TimePassesCallbacks::default();
     install_ice_hook(DEFAULT_BUG_REPORT_URL, |_| ());
@@ -1433,10 +1452,7 @@ pub fn main() -> ! {
             .enumerate()
             .map(|(i, arg)| {
                 arg.into_string().unwrap_or_else(|arg| {
-                    early_error(
-                        ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                        format!("argument {i} is not valid Unicode: {arg:?}"),
-                    )
+                    handler.early_error(format!("argument {i} is not valid Unicode: {arg:?}"))
                 })
             })
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
index 54dabb75764..ab5f64b383d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/interface.rs
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@ use rustc_middle::{bug, ty};
 use rustc_parse::maybe_new_parser_from_source_str;
 use rustc_query_impl::QueryCtxt;
 use rustc_query_system::query::print_query_stack;
-use rustc_session::config::{self, ErrorOutputType, Input, OutFileName, OutputFilenames};
-use rustc_session::config::{CheckCfg, ExpectedValues};
-use rustc_session::lint;
+use rustc_session::config::{self, CheckCfg, ExpectedValues, Input, OutFileName, OutputFilenames};
 use rustc_session::parse::{CrateConfig, ParseSess};
+use rustc_session::CompilerIO;
 use rustc_session::Session;
-use rustc_session::{early_error, CompilerIO};
+use rustc_session::{lint, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use rustc_span::source_map::{FileLoader, FileName};
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -66,7 +65,10 @@ pub fn set_thread_safe_mode(sopts: &config::UnstableOptions) {
 }
 
 /// Converts strings provided as `--cfg [cfgspec]` into a `crate_cfg`.
-pub fn parse_cfgspecs(cfgspecs: Vec<String>) -> FxHashSet<(String, Option<String>)> {
+pub fn parse_cfgspecs(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
+    cfgspecs: Vec<String>,
+) -> FxHashSet<(String, Option<String>)> {
     rustc_span::create_default_session_if_not_set_then(move |_| {
         let cfg = cfgspecs
             .into_iter()
@@ -78,10 +80,10 @@ pub fn parse_cfgspecs(cfgspecs: Vec<String>) -> FxHashSet<(String, Option<String
 
                 macro_rules! error {
                     ($reason: expr) => {
-                        early_error(
-                            ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                            format!(concat!("invalid `--cfg` argument: `{}` (", $reason, ")"), s),
-                        );
+                        handler.early_error(format!(
+                            concat!("invalid `--cfg` argument: `{}` (", $reason, ")"),
+                            s
+                        ));
                     };
                 }
 
@@ -125,7 +127,7 @@ pub fn parse_cfgspecs(cfgspecs: Vec<String>) -> FxHashSet<(String, Option<String
 }
 
 /// Converts strings provided as `--check-cfg [specs]` into a `CheckCfg`.
-pub fn parse_check_cfg(specs: Vec<String>) -> CheckCfg {
+pub fn parse_check_cfg(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, specs: Vec<String>) -> CheckCfg {
     rustc_span::create_default_session_if_not_set_then(move |_| {
         let mut check_cfg = CheckCfg::default();
 
@@ -137,10 +139,10 @@ pub fn parse_check_cfg(specs: Vec<String>) -> CheckCfg {
 
             macro_rules! error {
                 ($reason: expr) => {
-                    early_error(
-                        ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                        format!(concat!("invalid `--check-cfg` argument: `{}` (", $reason, ")"), s),
-                    )
+                    handler.early_error(format!(
+                        concat!("invalid `--check-cfg` argument: `{}` (", $reason, ")"),
+                        s
+                    ))
                 };
             }
 
@@ -294,8 +296,11 @@ pub fn run_compiler<R: Send>(config: Config, f: impl FnOnce(&Compiler) -> R + Se
 
             let registry = &config.registry;
 
+            let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(config.opts.error_format);
+
             let temps_dir = config.opts.unstable_opts.temps_dir.as_deref().map(PathBuf::from);
             let (mut sess, codegen_backend) = util::create_session(
+                &handler,
                 config.opts,
                 config.crate_cfg,
                 config.crate_check_cfg,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
index 9d0c9ec9742..6054b48b0b5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/tests.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ use rustc_session::config::{InstrumentCoverage, Passes};
 use rustc_session::lint::Level;
 use rustc_session::search_paths::SearchPath;
 use rustc_session::utils::{CanonicalizedPath, NativeLib, NativeLibKind};
-use rustc_session::CompilerIO;
 use rustc_session::{build_session, getopts, Session};
+use rustc_session::{CompilerIO, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use rustc_span::edition::{Edition, DEFAULT_EDITION};
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 use rustc_span::FileName;
@@ -36,15 +36,18 @@ use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 type CfgSpecs = FxHashSet<(String, Option<String>)>;
 
-fn build_session_options_and_crate_config(matches: getopts::Matches) -> (Options, CfgSpecs) {
-    let sessopts = build_session_options(&matches);
-    let cfg = parse_cfgspecs(matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
+fn build_session_options_and_crate_config(
+    handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler,
+    matches: getopts::Matches,
+) -> (Options, CfgSpecs) {
+    let sessopts = build_session_options(handler, &matches);
+    let cfg = parse_cfgspecs(handler, matches.opt_strs("cfg"));
     (sessopts, cfg)
 }
 
-fn mk_session(matches: getopts::Matches) -> (Session, CfgSpecs) {
+fn mk_session(handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler, matches: getopts::Matches) -> (Session, CfgSpecs) {
     let registry = registry::Registry::new(&[]);
-    let (sessopts, cfg) = build_session_options_and_crate_config(matches);
+    let (sessopts, cfg) = build_session_options_and_crate_config(handler, matches);
     let temps_dir = sessopts.unstable_opts.temps_dir.as_deref().map(PathBuf::from);
     let io = CompilerIO {
         input: Input::Str { name: FileName::Custom(String::new()), input: String::new() },
@@ -52,8 +55,18 @@ fn mk_session(matches: getopts::Matches) -> (Session, CfgSpecs) {
         output_file: None,
         temps_dir,
     };
-    let sess =
-        build_session(sessopts, io, None, registry, vec![], Default::default(), None, None, "");
+    let sess = build_session(
+        handler,
+        sessopts,
+        io,
+        None,
+        registry,
+        vec![],
+        Default::default(),
+        None,
+        None,
+        "",
+    );
     (sess, cfg)
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +133,8 @@ fn assert_non_crate_hash_different(x: &Options, y: &Options) {
 fn test_switch_implies_cfg_test() {
     rustc_span::create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
         let matches = optgroups().parse(&["--test".to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let (sess, cfg) = mk_session(matches);
+        let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+        let (sess, cfg) = mk_session(&mut handler, matches);
         let cfg = build_configuration(&sess, to_crate_config(cfg));
         assert!(cfg.contains(&(sym::test, None)));
     });
@@ -131,7 +145,8 @@ fn test_switch_implies_cfg_test() {
 fn test_switch_implies_cfg_test_unless_cfg_test() {
     rustc_span::create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
         let matches = optgroups().parse(&["--test".to_string(), "--cfg=test".to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let (sess, cfg) = mk_session(matches);
+        let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+        let (sess, cfg) = mk_session(&mut handler, matches);
         let cfg = build_configuration(&sess, to_crate_config(cfg));
         let mut test_items = cfg.iter().filter(|&&(name, _)| name == sym::test);
         assert!(test_items.next().is_some());
@@ -143,20 +158,23 @@ fn test_switch_implies_cfg_test_unless_cfg_test() {
 fn test_can_print_warnings() {
     rustc_span::create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
         let matches = optgroups().parse(&["-Awarnings".to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let (sess, _) = mk_session(matches);
+        let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+        let (sess, _) = mk_session(&mut handler, matches);
         assert!(!sess.diagnostic().can_emit_warnings());
     });
 
     rustc_span::create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
         let matches =
             optgroups().parse(&["-Awarnings".to_string(), "-Dwarnings".to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let (sess, _) = mk_session(matches);
+        let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+        let (sess, _) = mk_session(&mut handler, matches);
         assert!(sess.diagnostic().can_emit_warnings());
     });
 
     rustc_span::create_default_session_globals_then(|| {
         let matches = optgroups().parse(&["-Adead_code".to_string()]).unwrap();
-        let (sess, _) = mk_session(matches);
+        let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+        let (sess, _) = mk_session(&mut handler, matches);
         assert!(sess.diagnostic().can_emit_warnings());
     });
 }
@@ -302,35 +320,36 @@ fn test_search_paths_tracking_hash_different_order() {
     let mut v3 = Options::default();
     let mut v4 = Options::default();
 
+    let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(JSON);
     const JSON: ErrorOutputType = ErrorOutputType::Json {
         pretty: false,
         json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType::Default(ColorConfig::Never),
     };
 
     // Reference
-    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("native=abc", JSON));
-    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("crate=def", JSON));
-    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("dependency=ghi", JSON));
-    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("framework=jkl", JSON));
-    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("all=mno", JSON));
+    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "native=abc"));
+    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "crate=def"));
+    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "dependency=ghi"));
+    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "framework=jkl"));
+    v1.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "all=mno"));
 
-    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("native=abc", JSON));
-    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("dependency=ghi", JSON));
-    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("crate=def", JSON));
-    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("framework=jkl", JSON));
-    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("all=mno", JSON));
+    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "native=abc"));
+    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "dependency=ghi"));
+    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "crate=def"));
+    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "framework=jkl"));
+    v2.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "all=mno"));
 
-    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("crate=def", JSON));
-    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("framework=jkl", JSON));
-    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("native=abc", JSON));
-    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("dependency=ghi", JSON));
-    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("all=mno", JSON));
+    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "crate=def"));
+    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "framework=jkl"));
+    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "native=abc"));
+    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "dependency=ghi"));
+    v3.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "all=mno"));
 
-    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("all=mno", JSON));
-    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("native=abc", JSON));
-    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("crate=def", JSON));
-    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("dependency=ghi", JSON));
-    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt("framework=jkl", JSON));
+    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "all=mno"));
+    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "native=abc"));
+    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "crate=def"));
+    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "dependency=ghi"));
+    v4.search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(&handler, "framework=jkl"));
 
     assert_same_hash(&v1, &v2);
     assert_same_hash(&v1, &v3);
@@ -851,7 +870,9 @@ fn test_edition_parsing() {
     let options = Options::default();
     assert!(options.edition == DEFAULT_EDITION);
 
+    let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
     let matches = optgroups().parse(&["--edition=2018".to_string()]).unwrap();
-    let (sessopts, _) = build_session_options_and_crate_config(matches);
+    let (sessopts, _) = build_session_options_and_crate_config(&mut handler, matches);
     assert!(sessopts.edition == Edition::Edition2018)
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
index 87252fefb1e..035ea2414f7 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_interface/src/util.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ use rustc_parse::validate_attr;
 use rustc_session as session;
 use rustc_session::config::CheckCfg;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType};
-use rustc_session::config::{ErrorOutputType, OutFileName, OutputFilenames, OutputTypes};
+use rustc_session::config::{OutFileName, OutputFilenames, OutputTypes};
 use rustc_session::filesearch::sysroot_candidates;
 use rustc_session::lint::{self, BuiltinLintDiagnostics, LintBuffer};
 use rustc_session::parse::CrateConfig;
-use rustc_session::{early_error, filesearch, output, Session};
+use rustc_session::{filesearch, output, Session};
 use rustc_span::edit_distance::find_best_match_for_name;
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_span::source_map::FileLoader;
 use rustc_span::symbol::{sym, Symbol};
-use session::CompilerIO;
+use session::{CompilerIO, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use std::env;
 use std::env::consts::{DLL_PREFIX, DLL_SUFFIX};
 use std::mem;
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ pub fn add_configuration(
 }
 
 pub fn create_session(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     sopts: config::Options,
     cfg: FxHashSet<(String, Option<String>)>,
     check_cfg: CheckCfg,
@@ -73,7 +74,11 @@ pub fn create_session(
     let codegen_backend = if let Some(make_codegen_backend) = make_codegen_backend {
         make_codegen_backend(&sopts)
     } else {
-        get_codegen_backend(&sopts.maybe_sysroot, sopts.unstable_opts.codegen_backend.as_deref())
+        get_codegen_backend(
+            handler,
+            &sopts.maybe_sysroot,
+            sopts.unstable_opts.codegen_backend.as_deref(),
+        )
     };
 
     // target_override is documented to be called before init(), so this is okay
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn create_session(
     ) {
         Ok(bundle) => bundle,
         Err(e) => {
-            early_error(sopts.error_format, format!("failed to load fluent bundle: {e}"));
+            handler.early_error(format!("failed to load fluent bundle: {e}"));
         }
     };
 
@@ -96,6 +101,7 @@ pub fn create_session(
     locale_resources.push(codegen_backend.locale_resource());
 
     let mut sess = session::build_session(
+        handler,
         sopts,
         io,
         bundle,
@@ -218,16 +224,16 @@ pub(crate) fn run_in_thread_pool_with_globals<F: FnOnce() -> R + Send, R: Send>(
     })
 }
 
-fn load_backend_from_dylib(path: &Path) -> MakeBackendFn {
+fn load_backend_from_dylib(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, path: &Path) -> MakeBackendFn {
     let lib = unsafe { Library::new(path) }.unwrap_or_else(|err| {
         let err = format!("couldn't load codegen backend {path:?}: {err}");
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+        handler.early_error(err);
     });
 
     let backend_sym = unsafe { lib.get::<MakeBackendFn>(b"__rustc_codegen_backend") }
         .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
             let err = format!("couldn't load codegen backend: {e}");
-            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+            handler.early_error(err);
         });
 
     // Intentionally leak the dynamic library. We can't ever unload it
@@ -242,6 +248,7 @@ fn load_backend_from_dylib(path: &Path) -> MakeBackendFn {
 ///
 /// A name of `None` indicates that the default backend should be used.
 pub fn get_codegen_backend(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>,
     backend_name: Option<&str>,
 ) -> Box<dyn CodegenBackend> {
@@ -251,10 +258,12 @@ pub fn get_codegen_backend(
         let default_codegen_backend = option_env!("CFG_DEFAULT_CODEGEN_BACKEND").unwrap_or("llvm");
 
         match backend_name.unwrap_or(default_codegen_backend) {
-            filename if filename.contains('.') => load_backend_from_dylib(filename.as_ref()),
+            filename if filename.contains('.') => {
+                load_backend_from_dylib(handler, filename.as_ref())
+            }
             #[cfg(feature = "llvm")]
             "llvm" => rustc_codegen_llvm::LlvmCodegenBackend::new,
-            backend_name => get_codegen_sysroot(maybe_sysroot, backend_name),
+            backend_name => get_codegen_sysroot(handler, maybe_sysroot, backend_name),
         }
     });
 
@@ -286,7 +295,11 @@ fn get_rustc_path_inner(bin_path: &str) -> Option<PathBuf> {
     })
 }
 
-fn get_codegen_sysroot(maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>, backend_name: &str) -> MakeBackendFn {
+fn get_codegen_sysroot(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
+    maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>,
+    backend_name: &str,
+) -> MakeBackendFn {
     // For now we only allow this function to be called once as it'll dlopen a
     // few things, which seems to work best if we only do that once. In
     // general this assertion never trips due to the once guard in `get_codegen_backend`,
@@ -321,7 +334,7 @@ fn get_codegen_sysroot(maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>, backend_name: &str) -> M
             "failed to find a `codegen-backends` folder \
                            in the sysroot candidates:\n* {candidates}"
         );
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+        handler.early_error(err);
     });
     info!("probing {} for a codegen backend", sysroot.display());
 
@@ -332,7 +345,7 @@ fn get_codegen_sysroot(maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>, backend_name: &str) -> M
             sysroot.display(),
             e
         );
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+        handler.early_error(err);
     });
 
     let mut file: Option<PathBuf> = None;
@@ -360,16 +373,16 @@ fn get_codegen_sysroot(maybe_sysroot: &Option<PathBuf>, backend_name: &str) -> M
                 prev.display(),
                 path.display()
             );
-            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+            handler.early_error(err);
         }
         file = Some(path.clone());
     }
 
     match file {
-        Some(ref s) => load_backend_from_dylib(s),
+        Some(ref s) => load_backend_from_dylib(handler, s),
         None => {
             let err = format!("unsupported builtin codegen backend `{backend_name}`");
-            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err);
+            handler.early_error(err);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs
index a9668ae4828..480d2478e81 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/config.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ pub use crate::options::*;
 
 use crate::search_paths::SearchPath;
 use crate::utils::{CanonicalizedPath, NativeLib, NativeLibKind};
-use crate::{early_error, early_warn, Session};
 use crate::{lint, HashStableContext};
+use crate::{EarlyErrorHandler, Session};
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
 
@@ -1389,6 +1389,7 @@ pub fn build_configuration(sess: &Session, mut user_cfg: CrateConfig) -> CrateCo
 }
 
 pub(super) fn build_target_config(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     opts: &Options,
     target_override: Option<Target>,
     sysroot: &Path,
@@ -1398,27 +1399,21 @@ pub(super) fn build_target_config(
         |t| Ok((t, TargetWarnings::empty())),
     );
     let (target, target_warnings) = target_result.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        early_error(
-            opts.error_format,
-            format!(
-                "Error loading target specification: {}. \
+        handler.early_error(format!(
+            "Error loading target specification: {}. \
                  Run `rustc --print target-list` for a list of built-in targets",
-                e
-            ),
-        )
+            e
+        ))
     });
     for warning in target_warnings.warning_messages() {
-        early_warn(opts.error_format, warning)
+        handler.early_warn(warning)
     }
 
     if !matches!(target.pointer_width, 16 | 32 | 64) {
-        early_error(
-            opts.error_format,
-            format!(
-                "target specification was invalid: unrecognized target-pointer-width {}",
-                target.pointer_width
-            ),
-        )
+        handler.early_error(format!(
+            "target specification was invalid: unrecognized target-pointer-width {}",
+            target.pointer_width
+        ))
     }
 
     target
@@ -1654,8 +1649,8 @@ pub fn rustc_optgroups() -> Vec<RustcOptGroup> {
 }
 
 pub fn get_cmd_lint_options(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> (Vec<(String, lint::Level)>, bool, Option<lint::Level>) {
     let mut lint_opts_with_position = vec![];
     let mut describe_lints = false;
@@ -1679,14 +1674,14 @@ pub fn get_cmd_lint_options(
 
     let lint_cap = matches.opt_str("cap-lints").map(|cap| {
         lint::Level::from_str(&cap)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| early_error(error_format, format!("unknown lint level: `{cap}`")))
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| handler.early_error(format!("unknown lint level: `{cap}`")))
     });
 
     (lint_opts, describe_lints, lint_cap)
 }
 
 /// Parses the `--color` flag.
-pub fn parse_color(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> ColorConfig {
+pub fn parse_color(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, matches: &getopts::Matches) -> ColorConfig {
     match matches.opt_str("color").as_deref() {
         Some("auto") => ColorConfig::Auto,
         Some("always") => ColorConfig::Always,
@@ -1694,13 +1689,10 @@ pub fn parse_color(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> ColorConfig {
 
         None => ColorConfig::Auto,
 
-        Some(arg) => early_error(
-            ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            format!(
-                "argument for `--color` must be auto, \
+        Some(arg) => handler.early_error(format!(
+            "argument for `--color` must be auto, \
                  always or never (instead was `{arg}`)"
-            ),
-        ),
+        )),
     }
 }
 
@@ -1743,7 +1735,7 @@ impl JsonUnusedExterns {
 ///
 /// The first value returned is how to render JSON diagnostics, and the second
 /// is whether or not artifact notifications are enabled.
-pub fn parse_json(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> JsonConfig {
+pub fn parse_json(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, matches: &getopts::Matches) -> JsonConfig {
     let mut json_rendered: fn(ColorConfig) -> HumanReadableErrorType =
         HumanReadableErrorType::Default;
     let mut json_color = ColorConfig::Never;
@@ -1755,10 +1747,7 @@ pub fn parse_json(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> JsonConfig {
         // won't actually be emitting any colors and anything colorized is
         // embedded in a diagnostic message anyway.
         if matches.opt_str("color").is_some() {
-            early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                "cannot specify the `--color` option with `--json`",
-            );
+            handler.early_error("cannot specify the `--color` option with `--json`");
         }
 
         for sub_option in option.split(',') {
@@ -1769,10 +1758,7 @@ pub fn parse_json(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> JsonConfig {
                 "unused-externs" => json_unused_externs = JsonUnusedExterns::Loud,
                 "unused-externs-silent" => json_unused_externs = JsonUnusedExterns::Silent,
                 "future-incompat" => json_future_incompat = true,
-                s => early_error(
-                    ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                    format!("unknown `--json` option `{s}`"),
-                ),
+                s => handler.early_error(format!("unknown `--json` option `{s}`")),
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1787,6 +1773,7 @@ pub fn parse_json(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> JsonConfig {
 
 /// Parses the `--error-format` flag.
 pub fn parse_error_format(
+    handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     color: ColorConfig,
     json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType,
@@ -1807,13 +1794,15 @@ pub fn parse_error_format(
             Some("pretty-json") => ErrorOutputType::Json { pretty: true, json_rendered },
             Some("short") => ErrorOutputType::HumanReadable(HumanReadableErrorType::Short(color)),
 
-            Some(arg) => early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::HumanReadable(HumanReadableErrorType::Default(color)),
-                format!(
+            Some(arg) => {
+                handler.abort_if_error_and_set_error_format(ErrorOutputType::HumanReadable(
+                    HumanReadableErrorType::Default(color),
+                ));
+                handler.early_error(format!(
                     "argument for `--error-format` must be `human`, `json` or \
                      `short` (instead was `{arg}`)"
-                ),
-            ),
+                ))
+            }
         }
     } else {
         ErrorOutputType::HumanReadable(HumanReadableErrorType::Default(color))
@@ -1826,10 +1815,7 @@ pub fn parse_error_format(
         // `--error-format=json`. This means that `--json` is specified we
         // should actually be emitting JSON blobs.
         _ if !matches.opt_strs("json").is_empty() => {
-            early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                "using `--json` requires also using `--error-format=json`",
-            );
+            handler.early_error("using `--json` requires also using `--error-format=json`");
         }
 
         _ => {}
@@ -1838,16 +1824,13 @@ pub fn parse_error_format(
     error_format
 }
 
-pub fn parse_crate_edition(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Edition {
+pub fn parse_crate_edition(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Edition {
     let edition = match matches.opt_str("edition") {
         Some(arg) => Edition::from_str(&arg).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-            early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                format!(
-                    "argument for `--edition` must be one of: \
+            handler.early_error(format!(
+                "argument for `--edition` must be one of: \
                      {EDITION_NAME_LIST}. (instead was `{arg}`)"
-                ),
-            )
+            ))
         }),
         None => DEFAULT_EDITION,
     };
@@ -1862,39 +1845,42 @@ pub fn parse_crate_edition(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Edition {
         } else {
             format!("edition {edition} is unstable and only available with -Z unstable-options")
         };
-        early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), msg)
+        handler.early_error(msg)
     }
 
     edition
 }
 
 fn check_error_format_stability(
+    handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler,
     unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions,
     error_format: ErrorOutputType,
     json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType,
 ) {
     if !unstable_opts.unstable_options {
         if let ErrorOutputType::Json { pretty: true, json_rendered } = error_format {
-            early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::Json { pretty: false, json_rendered },
-                "`--error-format=pretty-json` is unstable",
-            );
+            handler.abort_if_error_and_set_error_format(ErrorOutputType::Json {
+                pretty: false,
+                json_rendered,
+            });
+            handler.early_error("`--error-format=pretty-json` is unstable");
         }
         if let ErrorOutputType::HumanReadable(HumanReadableErrorType::AnnotateSnippet(_)) =
             error_format
         {
-            early_error(
-                ErrorOutputType::Json { pretty: false, json_rendered },
-                "`--error-format=human-annotate-rs` is unstable",
-            );
+            handler.abort_if_error_and_set_error_format(ErrorOutputType::Json {
+                pretty: false,
+                json_rendered,
+            });
+            handler.early_error("`--error-format=human-annotate-rs` is unstable");
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn parse_output_types(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> OutputTypes {
     let mut output_types = BTreeMap::new();
     if !unstable_opts.parse_only {
@@ -1908,13 +1894,10 @@ fn parse_output_types(
                     }
                 };
                 let output_type = OutputType::from_shorthand(shorthand).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                    early_error(
-                        error_format,
-                        format!(
-                            "unknown emission type: `{shorthand}` - expected one of: {display}",
-                            display = OutputType::shorthands_display(),
-                        ),
-                    )
+                    handler.early_error(format!(
+                        "unknown emission type: `{shorthand}` - expected one of: {display}",
+                        display = OutputType::shorthands_display(),
+                    ))
                 });
                 output_types.insert(output_type, path);
             }
@@ -1927,9 +1910,9 @@ fn parse_output_types(
 }
 
 fn should_override_cgus_and_disable_thinlto(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     output_types: &OutputTypes,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
     mut codegen_units: Option<usize>,
 ) -> (bool, Option<usize>) {
     let mut disable_local_thinlto = false;
@@ -1947,15 +1930,12 @@ fn should_override_cgus_and_disable_thinlto(
             Some(n) if n > 1 => {
                 if matches.opt_present("o") {
                     for ot in &incompatible {
-                        early_warn(
-                            error_format,
-                            format!(
-                                "`--emit={ot}` with `-o` incompatible with \
+                        handler.early_warn(format!(
+                            "`--emit={ot}` with `-o` incompatible with \
                                  `-C codegen-units=N` for N > 1",
-                            ),
-                        );
+                        ));
                     }
-                    early_warn(error_format, "resetting to default -C codegen-units=1");
+                    handler.early_warn("resetting to default -C codegen-units=1");
                     codegen_units = Some(1);
                     disable_local_thinlto = true;
                 }
@@ -1968,27 +1948,27 @@ fn should_override_cgus_and_disable_thinlto(
     }
 
     if codegen_units == Some(0) {
-        early_error(error_format, "value for codegen units must be a positive non-zero integer");
+        handler.early_error("value for codegen units must be a positive non-zero integer");
     }
 
     (disable_local_thinlto, codegen_units)
 }
 
-fn check_thread_count(unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions, error_format: ErrorOutputType) {
+fn check_thread_count(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions) {
     if unstable_opts.threads == 0 {
-        early_error(error_format, "value for threads must be a positive non-zero integer");
+        handler.early_error("value for threads must be a positive non-zero integer");
     }
 
     if unstable_opts.threads > 1 && unstable_opts.fuel.is_some() {
-        early_error(error_format, "optimization fuel is incompatible with multiple threads");
+        handler.early_error("optimization fuel is incompatible with multiple threads");
     }
 }
 
 fn collect_print_requests(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     cg: &mut CodegenOptions,
     unstable_opts: &mut UnstableOptions,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> Vec<PrintRequest> {
     let mut prints = Vec::<PrintRequest>::new();
     if cg.target_cpu.as_ref().is_some_and(|s| s == "help") {
@@ -2028,8 +2008,7 @@ fn collect_print_requests(
                 if unstable_opts.unstable_options {
                     PrintRequest::TargetSpec
                 } else {
-                    early_error(
-                        error_format,
+                    handler.early_error(
                         "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to \
                          enable the target-spec-json print option",
                     );
@@ -2039,8 +2018,7 @@ fn collect_print_requests(
                 if unstable_opts.unstable_options {
                     PrintRequest::AllTargetSpecs
                 } else {
-                    early_error(
-                        error_format,
+                    handler.early_error(
                         "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to \
                          enable the all-target-specs-json print option",
                     );
@@ -2051,10 +2029,9 @@ fn collect_print_requests(
                 let prints =
                     PRINT_REQUESTS.iter().map(|(name, _)| format!("`{name}`")).collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 let prints = prints.join(", ");
-                early_error(
-                    error_format,
-                    format!("unknown print request `{req}`. Valid print requests are: {prints}"),
-                );
+                handler.early_error(format!(
+                    "unknown print request `{req}`. Valid print requests are: {prints}"
+                ));
             }
         }
     }));
@@ -2063,14 +2040,14 @@ fn collect_print_requests(
 }
 
 pub fn parse_target_triple(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> TargetTriple {
     match matches.opt_str("target") {
         Some(target) if target.ends_with(".json") => {
             let path = Path::new(&target);
             TargetTriple::from_path(path).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-                early_error(error_format, format!("target file {path:?} does not exist"))
+                handler.early_error(format!("target file {path:?} does not exist"))
             })
         }
         Some(target) => TargetTriple::TargetTriple(target),
@@ -2079,9 +2056,9 @@ pub fn parse_target_triple(
 }
 
 fn parse_opt_level(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     cg: &CodegenOptions,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> OptLevel {
     // The `-O` and `-C opt-level` flags specify the same setting, so we want to be able
     // to use them interchangeably. However, because they're technically different flags,
@@ -2109,13 +2086,10 @@ fn parse_opt_level(
             "s" => OptLevel::Size,
             "z" => OptLevel::SizeMin,
             arg => {
-                early_error(
-                    error_format,
-                    format!(
-                        "optimization level needs to be \
+                handler.early_error(format!(
+                    "optimization level needs to be \
                             between 0-3, s or z (instead was `{arg}`)"
-                    ),
-                );
+                ));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2135,23 +2109,23 @@ fn select_debuginfo(matches: &getopts::Matches, cg: &CodegenOptions) -> DebugInf
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn parse_assert_incr_state(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     opt_assertion: &Option<String>,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> Option<IncrementalStateAssertion> {
     match opt_assertion {
         Some(s) if s.as_str() == "loaded" => Some(IncrementalStateAssertion::Loaded),
         Some(s) if s.as_str() == "not-loaded" => Some(IncrementalStateAssertion::NotLoaded),
         Some(s) => {
-            early_error(error_format, format!("unexpected incremental state assertion value: {s}"))
+            handler.early_error(format!("unexpected incremental state assertion value: {s}"))
         }
         None => None,
     }
 }
 
 fn parse_native_lib_kind(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     kind: &str,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> (NativeLibKind, Option<bool>) {
     let (kind, modifiers) = match kind.split_once(':') {
         None => (kind, None),
@@ -2169,35 +2143,31 @@ fn parse_native_lib_kind(
                 } else {
                     ", the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to use it"
                 };
-                early_error(error_format, format!("library kind `link-arg` is unstable{why}"))
+                handler.early_error(format!("library kind `link-arg` is unstable{why}"))
             }
             NativeLibKind::LinkArg
         }
-        _ => early_error(
-            error_format,
-            format!(
-                "unknown library kind `{kind}`, expected one of: static, dylib, framework, link-arg"
-            ),
-        ),
+        _ => handler.early_error(format!(
+            "unknown library kind `{kind}`, expected one of: static, dylib, framework, link-arg"
+        )),
     };
     match modifiers {
         None => (kind, None),
-        Some(modifiers) => parse_native_lib_modifiers(kind, modifiers, error_format, matches),
+        Some(modifiers) => parse_native_lib_modifiers(handler, kind, modifiers, matches),
     }
 }
 
 fn parse_native_lib_modifiers(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     mut kind: NativeLibKind,
     modifiers: &str,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
 ) -> (NativeLibKind, Option<bool>) {
     let mut verbatim = None;
     for modifier in modifiers.split(',') {
         let (modifier, value) = match modifier.strip_prefix(['+', '-']) {
             Some(m) => (m, modifier.starts_with('+')),
-            None => early_error(
-                error_format,
+            None => handler.early_error(
                 "invalid linking modifier syntax, expected '+' or '-' prefix \
                  before one of: bundle, verbatim, whole-archive, as-needed",
             ),
@@ -2210,21 +2180,20 @@ fn parse_native_lib_modifiers(
                 } else {
                     ", the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to use it"
                 };
-                early_error(error_format, format!("linking modifier `{modifier}` is unstable{why}"))
+                handler.early_error(format!("linking modifier `{modifier}` is unstable{why}"))
             }
         };
         let assign_modifier = |dst: &mut Option<bool>| {
             if dst.is_some() {
                 let msg = format!("multiple `{modifier}` modifiers in a single `-l` option");
-                early_error(error_format, msg)
+                handler.early_error(msg)
             } else {
                 *dst = Some(value);
             }
         };
         match (modifier, &mut kind) {
             ("bundle", NativeLibKind::Static { bundle, .. }) => assign_modifier(bundle),
-            ("bundle", _) => early_error(
-                error_format,
+            ("bundle", _) => handler.early_error(
                 "linking modifier `bundle` is only compatible with `static` linking kind",
             ),
 
@@ -2233,8 +2202,7 @@ fn parse_native_lib_modifiers(
             ("whole-archive", NativeLibKind::Static { whole_archive, .. }) => {
                 assign_modifier(whole_archive)
             }
-            ("whole-archive", _) => early_error(
-                error_format,
+            ("whole-archive", _) => handler.early_error(
                 "linking modifier `whole-archive` is only compatible with `static` linking kind",
             ),
 
@@ -2243,28 +2211,24 @@ fn parse_native_lib_modifiers(
                 report_unstable_modifier();
                 assign_modifier(as_needed)
             }
-            ("as-needed", _) => early_error(
-                error_format,
+            ("as-needed", _) => handler.early_error(
                 "linking modifier `as-needed` is only compatible with \
                  `dylib` and `framework` linking kinds",
             ),
 
             // Note: this error also excludes the case with empty modifier
             // string, like `modifiers = ""`.
-            _ => early_error(
-                error_format,
-                format!(
-                    "unknown linking modifier `{modifier}`, expected one \
+            _ => handler.early_error(format!(
+                "unknown linking modifier `{modifier}`, expected one \
                      of: bundle, verbatim, whole-archive, as-needed"
-                ),
-            ),
+            )),
         }
     }
 
     (kind, verbatim)
 }
 
-fn parse_libs(matches: &getopts::Matches, error_format: ErrorOutputType) -> Vec<NativeLib> {
+fn parse_libs(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Vec<NativeLib> {
     matches
         .opt_strs("l")
         .into_iter()
@@ -2278,7 +2242,7 @@ fn parse_libs(matches: &getopts::Matches, error_format: ErrorOutputType) -> Vec<
             let (name, kind, verbatim) = match s.split_once('=') {
                 None => (s, NativeLibKind::Unspecified, None),
                 Some((kind, name)) => {
-                    let (kind, verbatim) = parse_native_lib_kind(matches, kind, error_format);
+                    let (kind, verbatim) = parse_native_lib_kind(handler, matches, kind);
                     (name.to_string(), kind, verbatim)
                 }
             };
@@ -2288,7 +2252,7 @@ fn parse_libs(matches: &getopts::Matches, error_format: ErrorOutputType) -> Vec<
                 Some((name, new_name)) => (name.to_string(), Some(new_name.to_owned())),
             };
             if name.is_empty() {
-                early_error(error_format, "library name must not be empty");
+                handler.early_error("library name must not be empty");
             }
             NativeLib { name, new_name, kind, verbatim }
         })
@@ -2296,9 +2260,9 @@ fn parse_libs(matches: &getopts::Matches, error_format: ErrorOutputType) -> Vec<
 }
 
 pub fn parse_externs(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> Externs {
     let is_unstable_enabled = unstable_opts.unstable_options;
     let mut externs: BTreeMap<String, ExternEntry> = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -2362,8 +2326,7 @@ pub fn parse_externs(
         let mut force = false;
         if let Some(opts) = options {
             if !is_unstable_enabled {
-                early_error(
-                    error_format,
+                handler.early_error(
                     "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to \
                      enable `--extern` options",
                 );
@@ -2375,15 +2338,14 @@ pub fn parse_externs(
                         if let ExternLocation::ExactPaths(_) = &entry.location {
                             add_prelude = false;
                         } else {
-                            early_error(
-                                error_format,
+                            handler.early_error(
                                 "the `noprelude` --extern option requires a file path",
                             );
                         }
                     }
                     "nounused" => nounused_dep = true,
                     "force" => force = true,
-                    _ => early_error(error_format, format!("unknown --extern option `{opt}`")),
+                    _ => handler.early_error(format!("unknown --extern option `{opt}`")),
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2402,18 +2364,15 @@ pub fn parse_externs(
 }
 
 fn parse_remap_path_prefix(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)> {
     let mut mapping: Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)> = matches
         .opt_strs("remap-path-prefix")
         .into_iter()
         .map(|remap| match remap.rsplit_once('=') {
-            None => early_error(
-                error_format,
-                "--remap-path-prefix must contain '=' between FROM and TO",
-            ),
+            None => handler.early_error("--remap-path-prefix must contain '=' between FROM and TO"),
             Some((from, to)) => (PathBuf::from(from), PathBuf::from(to)),
         })
         .collect();
@@ -2429,86 +2388,75 @@ fn parse_remap_path_prefix(
 
 // JUSTIFICATION: before wrapper fn is available
 #[allow(rustc::bad_opt_access)]
-pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
-    let color = parse_color(matches);
+pub fn build_session_options(
+    handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler,
+    matches: &getopts::Matches,
+) -> Options {
+    let color = parse_color(handler, matches);
 
-    let edition = parse_crate_edition(matches);
+    let edition = parse_crate_edition(handler, matches);
 
     let JsonConfig {
         json_rendered,
         json_artifact_notifications,
         json_unused_externs,
         json_future_incompat,
-    } = parse_json(matches);
+    } = parse_json(handler, matches);
 
-    let error_format = parse_error_format(matches, color, json_rendered);
+    let error_format = parse_error_format(handler, matches, color, json_rendered);
 
     let diagnostic_width = matches.opt_get("diagnostic-width").unwrap_or_else(|_| {
-        early_error(error_format, "`--diagnostic-width` must be an positive integer");
+        handler.early_error("`--diagnostic-width` must be an positive integer");
     });
 
     let unparsed_crate_types = matches.opt_strs("crate-type");
     let crate_types = parse_crate_types_from_list(unparsed_crate_types)
-        .unwrap_or_else(|e| early_error(error_format, e));
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| handler.early_error(e));
 
-    let mut unstable_opts = UnstableOptions::build(matches, error_format);
-    let (lint_opts, describe_lints, lint_cap) = get_cmd_lint_options(matches, error_format);
+    let mut unstable_opts = UnstableOptions::build(handler, matches);
+    let (lint_opts, describe_lints, lint_cap) = get_cmd_lint_options(handler, matches);
 
-    check_error_format_stability(&unstable_opts, error_format, json_rendered);
+    check_error_format_stability(handler, &unstable_opts, error_format, json_rendered);
 
     if !unstable_opts.unstable_options && json_unused_externs.is_enabled() {
-        early_error(
-            error_format,
+        handler.early_error(
             "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to enable \
             the flag `--json=unused-externs`",
         );
     }
 
-    let output_types = parse_output_types(&unstable_opts, matches, error_format);
+    let output_types = parse_output_types(handler, &unstable_opts, matches);
 
-    let mut cg = CodegenOptions::build(matches, error_format);
-    let (disable_local_thinlto, mut codegen_units) = should_override_cgus_and_disable_thinlto(
-        &output_types,
-        matches,
-        error_format,
-        cg.codegen_units,
-    );
+    let mut cg = CodegenOptions::build(handler, matches);
+    let (disable_local_thinlto, mut codegen_units) =
+        should_override_cgus_and_disable_thinlto(handler, &output_types, matches, cg.codegen_units);
 
-    check_thread_count(&unstable_opts, error_format);
+    check_thread_count(handler, &unstable_opts);
 
     let incremental = cg.incremental.as_ref().map(PathBuf::from);
 
-    let assert_incr_state = parse_assert_incr_state(&unstable_opts.assert_incr_state, error_format);
+    let assert_incr_state = parse_assert_incr_state(handler, &unstable_opts.assert_incr_state);
 
     if unstable_opts.profile && incremental.is_some() {
-        early_error(
-            error_format,
-            "can't instrument with gcov profiling when compiling incrementally",
-        );
+        handler.early_error("can't instrument with gcov profiling when compiling incrementally");
     }
     if unstable_opts.profile {
         match codegen_units {
             Some(1) => {}
             None => codegen_units = Some(1),
-            Some(_) => early_error(
-                error_format,
-                "can't instrument with gcov profiling with multiple codegen units",
-            ),
+            Some(_) => handler
+                .early_error("can't instrument with gcov profiling with multiple codegen units"),
         }
     }
 
     if cg.profile_generate.enabled() && cg.profile_use.is_some() {
-        early_error(
-            error_format,
-            "options `-C profile-generate` and `-C profile-use` are exclusive",
-        );
+        handler.early_error("options `-C profile-generate` and `-C profile-use` are exclusive");
     }
 
     if unstable_opts.profile_sample_use.is_some()
         && (cg.profile_generate.enabled() || cg.profile_use.is_some())
     {
-        early_error(
-            error_format,
+        handler.early_error(
             "option `-Z profile-sample-use` cannot be used with `-C profile-generate` or `-C profile-use`",
         );
     }
@@ -2517,23 +2465,19 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
     // precedence.
     match (cg.symbol_mangling_version, unstable_opts.symbol_mangling_version) {
         (Some(smv_c), Some(smv_z)) if smv_c != smv_z => {
-            early_error(
-                error_format,
+            handler.early_error(
                 "incompatible values passed for `-C symbol-mangling-version` \
                 and `-Z symbol-mangling-version`",
             );
         }
         (Some(SymbolManglingVersion::V0), _) => {}
         (Some(_), _) if !unstable_opts.unstable_options => {
-            early_error(
-                error_format,
-                "`-C symbol-mangling-version=legacy` requires `-Z unstable-options`",
-            );
+            handler
+                .early_error("`-C symbol-mangling-version=legacy` requires `-Z unstable-options`");
         }
         (None, None) => {}
         (None, smv) => {
-            early_warn(
-                error_format,
+            handler.early_warn(
                 "`-Z symbol-mangling-version` is deprecated; use `-C symbol-mangling-version`",
             );
             cg.symbol_mangling_version = smv;
@@ -2545,25 +2489,19 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
     // precedence.
     match (cg.instrument_coverage, unstable_opts.instrument_coverage) {
         (Some(ic_c), Some(ic_z)) if ic_c != ic_z => {
-            early_error(
-                error_format,
+            handler.early_error(
                 "incompatible values passed for `-C instrument-coverage` \
                 and `-Z instrument-coverage`",
             );
         }
         (Some(InstrumentCoverage::Off | InstrumentCoverage::All), _) => {}
         (Some(_), _) if !unstable_opts.unstable_options => {
-            early_error(
-                error_format,
-                "`-C instrument-coverage=except-*` requires `-Z unstable-options`",
-            );
+            handler.early_error("`-C instrument-coverage=except-*` requires `-Z unstable-options`");
         }
         (None, None) => {}
         (None, ic) => {
-            early_warn(
-                error_format,
-                "`-Z instrument-coverage` is deprecated; use `-C instrument-coverage`",
-            );
+            handler
+                .early_warn("`-Z instrument-coverage` is deprecated; use `-C instrument-coverage`");
             cg.instrument_coverage = ic;
         }
         _ => {}
@@ -2571,8 +2509,7 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
 
     if cg.instrument_coverage.is_some() && cg.instrument_coverage != Some(InstrumentCoverage::Off) {
         if cg.profile_generate.enabled() || cg.profile_use.is_some() {
-            early_error(
-                error_format,
+            handler.early_error(
                 "option `-C instrument-coverage` is not compatible with either `-C profile-use` \
                 or `-C profile-generate`",
             );
@@ -2585,8 +2522,7 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
         match cg.symbol_mangling_version {
             None => cg.symbol_mangling_version = Some(SymbolManglingVersion::V0),
             Some(SymbolManglingVersion::Legacy) => {
-                early_warn(
-                    error_format,
+                handler.early_warn(
                     "-C instrument-coverage requires symbol mangling version `v0`, \
                     but `-C symbol-mangling-version=legacy` was specified",
                 );
@@ -2602,10 +2538,9 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
     if !cg.embed_bitcode {
         match cg.lto {
             LtoCli::No | LtoCli::Unspecified => {}
-            LtoCli::Yes | LtoCli::NoParam | LtoCli::Thin | LtoCli::Fat => early_error(
-                error_format,
-                "options `-C embed-bitcode=no` and `-C lto` are incompatible",
-            ),
+            LtoCli::Yes | LtoCli::NoParam | LtoCli::Thin | LtoCli::Fat => {
+                handler.early_error("options `-C embed-bitcode=no` and `-C lto` are incompatible")
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -2618,17 +2553,17 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
                  flag must also be passed to explicitly use it",
                 flavor.desc()
             );
-            early_error(error_format, msg);
+            handler.early_error(msg);
         }
     }
 
-    let prints = collect_print_requests(&mut cg, &mut unstable_opts, matches, error_format);
+    let prints = collect_print_requests(handler, &mut cg, &mut unstable_opts, matches);
 
     let cg = cg;
 
     let sysroot_opt = matches.opt_str("sysroot").map(|m| PathBuf::from(&m));
-    let target_triple = parse_target_triple(matches, error_format);
-    let opt_level = parse_opt_level(matches, &cg, error_format);
+    let target_triple = parse_target_triple(handler, matches);
+    let opt_level = parse_opt_level(handler, matches, &cg);
     // The `-g` and `-C debuginfo` flags specify the same setting, so we want to be able
     // to use them interchangeably. See the note above (regarding `-O` and `-C opt-level`)
     // for more details.
@@ -2637,28 +2572,28 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
 
     let mut search_paths = vec![];
     for s in &matches.opt_strs("L") {
-        search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(s, error_format));
+        search_paths.push(SearchPath::from_cli_opt(handler, s));
     }
 
-    let libs = parse_libs(matches, error_format);
+    let libs = parse_libs(handler, matches);
 
     let test = matches.opt_present("test");
 
     if !cg.remark.is_empty() && debuginfo == DebugInfo::None {
-        early_warn(error_format, "-C remark requires \"-C debuginfo=n\" to show source locations");
+        handler.early_warn("-C remark requires \"-C debuginfo=n\" to show source locations");
     }
 
-    let externs = parse_externs(matches, &unstable_opts, error_format);
+    let externs = parse_externs(handler, matches, &unstable_opts);
 
     let crate_name = matches.opt_str("crate-name");
 
-    let remap_path_prefix = parse_remap_path_prefix(matches, &unstable_opts, error_format);
+    let remap_path_prefix = parse_remap_path_prefix(handler, matches, &unstable_opts);
 
-    let pretty = parse_pretty(&unstable_opts, error_format);
+    let pretty = parse_pretty(handler, &unstable_opts);
 
     // query-dep-graph is required if dump-dep-graph is given #106736
     if unstable_opts.dump_dep_graph && !unstable_opts.query_dep_graph {
-        early_error(error_format, "can't dump dependency graph without `-Z query-dep-graph`");
+        handler.early_error("can't dump dependency graph without `-Z query-dep-graph`");
     }
 
     // Try to find a directory containing the Rust `src`, for more details see
@@ -2690,7 +2625,7 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
     };
 
     let working_dir = std::env::current_dir().unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        early_error(error_format, format!("Current directory is invalid: {e}"));
+        handler.early_error(format!("Current directory is invalid: {e}"));
     });
 
     let remap = FilePathMapping::new(remap_path_prefix.clone());
@@ -2741,7 +2676,7 @@ pub fn build_session_options(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> Options {
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_pretty(unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions, efmt: ErrorOutputType) -> Option<PpMode> {
+fn parse_pretty(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions) -> Option<PpMode> {
     use PpMode::*;
 
     let first = match unstable_opts.unpretty.as_deref()? {
@@ -2760,16 +2695,13 @@ fn parse_pretty(unstable_opts: &UnstableOptions, efmt: ErrorOutputType) -> Optio
         "thir-flat" => ThirFlat,
         "mir" => Mir,
         "mir-cfg" => MirCFG,
-        name => early_error(
-            efmt,
-            format!(
-                "argument to `unpretty` must be one of `normal`, `identified`, \
+        name => handler.early_error(format!(
+            "argument to `unpretty` must be one of `normal`, `identified`, \
                             `expanded`, `expanded,identified`, `expanded,hygiene`, \
                             `ast-tree`, `ast-tree,expanded`, `hir`, `hir,identified`, \
                             `hir,typed`, `hir-tree`, `thir-tree`, `thir-flat`, `mir` or \
                             `mir-cfg`; got {name}"
-            ),
-        ),
+        )),
     };
     debug!("got unpretty option: {first:?}");
     Some(first)
@@ -2809,8 +2741,8 @@ pub fn parse_crate_types_from_list(list_list: Vec<String>) -> Result<Vec<CrateTy
 }
 
 pub mod nightly_options {
-    use super::{ErrorOutputType, OptionStability, RustcOptGroup};
-    use crate::early_error;
+    use super::{OptionStability, RustcOptGroup};
+    use crate::EarlyErrorHandler;
     use rustc_feature::UnstableFeatures;
 
     pub fn is_unstable_enabled(matches: &getopts::Matches) -> bool {
@@ -2826,7 +2758,11 @@ pub mod nightly_options {
         UnstableFeatures::from_environment(krate).is_nightly_build()
     }
 
-    pub fn check_nightly_options(matches: &getopts::Matches, flags: &[RustcOptGroup]) {
+    pub fn check_nightly_options(
+        handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
+        matches: &getopts::Matches,
+        flags: &[RustcOptGroup],
+    ) {
         let has_z_unstable_option = matches.opt_strs("Z").iter().any(|x| *x == "unstable-options");
         let really_allows_unstable_options = match_is_nightly_build(matches);
 
@@ -2838,14 +2774,11 @@ pub mod nightly_options {
                 continue;
             }
             if opt.name != "Z" && !has_z_unstable_option {
-                early_error(
-                    ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                    format!(
-                        "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to enable \
+                handler.early_error(format!(
+                    "the `-Z unstable-options` flag must also be passed to enable \
                          the flag `{}`",
-                        opt.name
-                    ),
-                );
+                    opt.name
+                ));
             }
             if really_allows_unstable_options {
                 continue;
@@ -2856,7 +2789,12 @@ pub mod nightly_options {
                         "the option `{}` is only accepted on the nightly compiler",
                         opt.name
                     );
-                    early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), msg);
+                    let _ = handler.early_error_no_abort(msg);
+                    handler.early_note("selecting a toolchain with `+toolchain` arguments require a rustup proxy; see <https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/index.html>");
+                    handler.early_help(
+                        "consider switching to a nightly toolchain: `rustup default nightly`",
+                    );
+                    handler.early_note("for more information about Rust's stability policy, see <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.html#unstable-features>");
                 }
                 OptionStability::Stable => {}
             }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs
index 270d8331602..e5063eef47a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/options.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use crate::config::*;
 
-use crate::early_error;
-use crate::lint;
 use crate::search_paths::SearchPath;
 use crate::utils::NativeLib;
+use crate::{lint, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use rustc_data_structures::profiling::TimePassesFormat;
 use rustc_errors::{LanguageIdentifier, TerminalUrl};
 use rustc_target::spec::{CodeModel, LinkerFlavorCli, MergeFunctions, PanicStrategy, SanitizerSet};
@@ -245,10 +244,10 @@ macro_rules! options {
 
     impl $struct_name {
         pub fn build(
+            handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
             matches: &getopts::Matches,
-            error_format: ErrorOutputType,
         ) -> $struct_name {
-            build_options(matches, $stat, $prefix, $outputname, error_format)
+            build_options(handler, matches, $stat, $prefix, $outputname)
         }
 
         fn dep_tracking_hash(&self, for_crate_hash: bool, error_format: ErrorOutputType) -> u64 {
@@ -309,11 +308,11 @@ type OptionSetter<O> = fn(&mut O, v: Option<&str>) -> bool;
 type OptionDescrs<O> = &'static [(&'static str, OptionSetter<O>, &'static str, &'static str)];
 
 fn build_options<O: Default>(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     matches: &getopts::Matches,
     descrs: OptionDescrs<O>,
     prefix: &str,
     outputname: &str,
-    error_format: ErrorOutputType,
 ) -> O {
     let mut op = O::default();
     for option in matches.opt_strs(prefix) {
@@ -327,15 +326,13 @@ fn build_options<O: Default>(
             Some((_, setter, type_desc, _)) => {
                 if !setter(&mut op, value) {
                     match value {
-                        None => early_error(
-                            error_format,
+                        None => handler.early_error(
                             format!(
                                 "{0} option `{1}` requires {2} ({3} {1}=<value>)",
                                 outputname, key, type_desc, prefix
                             ),
                         ),
-                        Some(value) => early_error(
-                            error_format,
+                        Some(value) => handler.early_error(
                             format!(
                                 "incorrect value `{value}` for {outputname} option `{key}` - {type_desc} was expected"
                             ),
@@ -343,7 +340,7 @@ fn build_options<O: Default>(
                     }
                 }
             }
-            None => early_error(error_format, format!("unknown {outputname} option: `{key}`")),
+            None => handler.early_error(format!("unknown {outputname} option: `{key}`")),
         }
     }
     return op;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/search_paths.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/search_paths.rs
index 56a6b6f3b03..07e78d1760e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/search_paths.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/search_paths.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::filesearch::make_target_lib_path;
-use crate::{config, early_error};
+use crate::EarlyErrorHandler;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl PathKind {
 }
 
 impl SearchPath {
-    pub fn from_cli_opt(path: &str, output: config::ErrorOutputType) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_cli_opt(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, path: &str) -> Self {
         let (kind, path) = if let Some(stripped) = path.strip_prefix("native=") {
             (PathKind::Native, stripped)
         } else if let Some(stripped) = path.strip_prefix("crate=") {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl SearchPath {
             (PathKind::All, path)
         };
         if path.is_empty() {
-            early_error(output, "empty search path given via `-L`");
+            handler.early_error("empty search path given via `-L`");
         }
 
         let dir = PathBuf::from(path);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs b/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
index ea5beb6f8be..5be122ffbde 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_session/src/session.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::cgu_reuse_tracker::CguReuseTracker;
 use crate::code_stats::CodeStats;
 pub use crate::code_stats::{DataTypeKind, FieldInfo, FieldKind, SizeKind, VariantInfo};
-use crate::config::Input;
 use crate::config::{
     self, CrateType, InstrumentCoverage, OptLevel, OutFileName, OutputType, SwitchWithOptPath,
 };
+use crate::config::{ErrorOutputType, Input};
 use crate::errors;
 use crate::parse::{add_feature_diagnostics, ParseSess};
 use crate::search_paths::{PathKind, SearchPath};
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ use rustc_errors::json::JsonEmitter;
 use rustc_errors::registry::Registry;
 use rustc_errors::{
     error_code, fallback_fluent_bundle, DiagnosticBuilder, DiagnosticId, DiagnosticMessage,
-    ErrorGuaranteed, FluentBundle, IntoDiagnostic, LazyFallbackBundle, MultiSpan, Noted,
+    ErrorGuaranteed, FluentBundle, Handler, IntoDiagnostic, LazyFallbackBundle, MultiSpan, Noted,
     TerminalUrl,
 };
 use rustc_macros::HashStable_Generic;
@@ -1382,6 +1382,7 @@ fn default_emitter(
 // JUSTIFICATION: literally session construction
 #[allow(rustc::bad_opt_access)]
 pub fn build_session(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     sopts: config::Options,
     io: CompilerIO,
     bundle: Option<Lrc<rustc_errors::FluentBundle>>,
@@ -1408,13 +1409,12 @@ pub fn build_session(
         None => filesearch::get_or_default_sysroot().expect("Failed finding sysroot"),
     };
 
-    let target_cfg = config::build_target_config(&sopts, target_override, &sysroot);
+    let target_cfg = config::build_target_config(handler, &sopts, target_override, &sysroot);
     let host_triple = TargetTriple::from_triple(config::host_triple());
-    let (host, target_warnings) = Target::search(&host_triple, &sysroot).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
-        early_error(sopts.error_format, format!("Error loading host specification: {e}"))
-    });
+    let (host, target_warnings) = Target::search(&host_triple, &sysroot)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| handler.early_error(format!("Error loading host specification: {e}")));
     for warning in target_warnings.warning_messages() {
-        early_warn(sopts.error_format, warning)
+        handler.early_warn(warning)
     }
 
     let loader = file_loader.unwrap_or_else(|| Box::new(RealFileLoader));
@@ -1456,7 +1456,7 @@ pub fn build_session(
         match profiler {
             Ok(profiler) => Some(Arc::new(profiler)),
             Err(e) => {
-                early_warn(sopts.error_format, format!("failed to create profiler: {e}"));
+                handler.early_warn(format!("failed to create profiler: {e}"));
                 None
             }
         }
@@ -1723,7 +1723,64 @@ pub enum IncrCompSession {
     InvalidBecauseOfErrors { session_directory: PathBuf },
 }
 
-fn early_error_handler(output: config::ErrorOutputType) -> rustc_errors::Handler {
+/// A wrapper around an [`Handler`] that is used for early error emissions.
+pub struct EarlyErrorHandler {
+    handler: Handler,
+}
+
+impl EarlyErrorHandler {
+    pub fn new(output: ErrorOutputType) -> Self {
+        let emitter = mk_emitter(output);
+        Self { handler: rustc_errors::Handler::with_emitter(true, None, emitter) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn abort_if_errors(&self) {
+        self.handler.abort_if_errors()
+    }
+
+    /// Swap out the underlying handler once we acquire the user's preference on error emission
+    /// format. Any errors prior to that will cause an abort and all stashed diagnostics of the
+    /// previous handler will be emitted.
+    pub fn abort_if_error_and_set_error_format(&mut self, output: ErrorOutputType) {
+        self.handler.abort_if_errors();
+
+        let emitter = mk_emitter(output);
+        self.handler = Handler::with_emitter(true, None, emitter);
+    }
+
+    #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+    #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
+    pub fn early_note(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
+        self.handler.struct_note_without_error(msg).emit()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+    #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
+    pub fn early_help(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
+        self.handler.struct_help(msg).emit()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+    #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
+    #[must_use = "ErrorGuaranteed must be returned from `run_compiler` in order to exit with a non-zero status code"]
+    pub fn early_error_no_abort(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+        self.handler.struct_err(msg).emit()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+    #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
+    pub fn early_error(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> ! {
+        self.handler.struct_fatal(msg).emit()
+    }
+
+    #[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
+    #[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
+    pub fn early_warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
+        self.handler.struct_warn(msg).emit()
+    }
+}
+
+fn mk_emitter(output: ErrorOutputType) -> Box<dyn Emitter + sync::Send + 'static> {
     // FIXME(#100717): early errors aren't translated at the moment, so this is fine, but it will
     // need to reference every crate that might emit an early error for translation to work.
     let fallback_bundle =
@@ -1755,27 +1812,5 @@ fn early_error_handler(output: config::ErrorOutputType) -> rustc_errors::Handler
             TerminalUrl::No,
         )),
     };
-    rustc_errors::Handler::with_emitter(true, None, emitter)
-}
-
-#[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
-#[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
-#[must_use = "ErrorGuaranteed must be returned from `run_compiler` in order to exit with a non-zero status code"]
-pub fn early_error_no_abort(
-    output: config::ErrorOutputType,
-    msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
-) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
-    early_error_handler(output).struct_err(msg).emit()
-}
-
-#[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
-#[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
-pub fn early_error(output: config::ErrorOutputType, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> ! {
-    early_error_handler(output).struct_fatal(msg).emit()
-}
-
-#[allow(rustc::untranslatable_diagnostic)]
-#[allow(rustc::diagnostic_outside_of_impl)]
-pub fn early_warn(output: config::ErrorOutputType, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
-    early_error_handler(output).struct_warn(msg).emit()
+    emitter
 }
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/config.rs b/src/librustdoc/config.rs
index 9f08609a6d1..217f1a6ee6b 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/config.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/config.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use rustc_session::config::{
 use rustc_session::getopts;
 use rustc_session::lint::Level;
 use rustc_session::search_paths::SearchPath;
+use rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler;
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_target::spec::TargetTriple;
 
@@ -311,32 +312,33 @@ impl Options {
     /// Parses the given command-line for options. If an error message or other early-return has
     /// been printed, returns `Err` with the exit code.
     pub(crate) fn from_matches(
+        handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler,
         matches: &getopts::Matches,
         args: Vec<String>,
     ) -> Result<(Options, RenderOptions), i32> {
         // Check for unstable options.
-        nightly_options::check_nightly_options(matches, &opts());
+        nightly_options::check_nightly_options(handler, matches, &opts());
 
         if args.is_empty() || matches.opt_present("h") || matches.opt_present("help") {
             crate::usage("rustdoc");
             return Err(0);
         } else if matches.opt_present("version") {
-            rustc_driver::version!("rustdoc", matches);
+            rustc_driver::version!(&handler, "rustdoc", matches);
             return Err(0);
         }
 
-        if rustc_driver::describe_flag_categories(&matches) {
+        if rustc_driver::describe_flag_categories(handler, &matches) {
             return Err(0);
         }
 
-        let color = config::parse_color(matches);
+        let color = config::parse_color(handler, matches);
         let config::JsonConfig { json_rendered, json_unused_externs, .. } =
-            config::parse_json(matches);
-        let error_format = config::parse_error_format(matches, color, json_rendered);
+            config::parse_json(handler, matches);
+        let error_format = config::parse_error_format(handler, matches, color, json_rendered);
         let diagnostic_width = matches.opt_get("diagnostic-width").unwrap_or_default();
 
-        let codegen_options = CodegenOptions::build(matches, error_format);
-        let unstable_opts = UnstableOptions::build(matches, error_format);
+        let codegen_options = CodegenOptions::build(handler, matches);
+        let unstable_opts = UnstableOptions::build(handler, matches);
 
         let diag = new_handler(error_format, None, diagnostic_width, &unstable_opts);
 
@@ -393,8 +395,7 @@ impl Options {
             && !matches.opt_present("show-coverage")
             && !nightly_options::is_unstable_enabled(matches)
         {
-            rustc_session::early_error(
-                error_format,
+            handler.early_error(
                 "the -Z unstable-options flag must be passed to enable --output-format for documentation generation (see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/76578)",
             );
         }
@@ -432,7 +433,7 @@ impl Options {
             return Err(0);
         }
 
-        let (lint_opts, describe_lints, lint_cap) = get_cmd_lint_options(matches, error_format);
+        let (lint_opts, describe_lints, lint_cap) = get_cmd_lint_options(handler, matches);
 
         let input = PathBuf::from(if describe_lints {
             "" // dummy, this won't be used
@@ -446,12 +447,9 @@ impl Options {
             &matches.free[0]
         });
 
-        let libs = matches
-            .opt_strs("L")
-            .iter()
-            .map(|s| SearchPath::from_cli_opt(s, error_format))
-            .collect();
-        let externs = parse_externs(matches, &unstable_opts, error_format);
+        let libs =
+            matches.opt_strs("L").iter().map(|s| SearchPath::from_cli_opt(handler, s)).collect();
+        let externs = parse_externs(handler, matches, &unstable_opts);
         let extern_html_root_urls = match parse_extern_html_roots(matches) {
             Ok(ex) => ex,
             Err(err) => {
@@ -589,7 +587,7 @@ impl Options {
             }
         }
 
-        let edition = config::parse_crate_edition(matches);
+        let edition = config::parse_crate_edition(handler, matches);
 
         let mut id_map = html::markdown::IdMap::new();
         let Some(external_html) = ExternalHtml::load(
@@ -623,7 +621,7 @@ impl Options {
             }
         }
 
-        let target = parse_target_triple(matches, error_format);
+        let target = parse_target_triple(handler, matches);
 
         let show_coverage = matches.opt_present("show-coverage");
 
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/core.rs b/src/librustdoc/core.rs
index e10a6297775..9687b8b1887 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/core.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/core.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use rustc_interface::interface;
 use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnv, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType, ErrorOutputType, ResolveDocLinks};
-use rustc_session::lint;
 use rustc_session::Session;
+use rustc_session::{lint, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
 use rustc_span::{source_map, Span};
 
@@ -181,6 +181,7 @@ pub(crate) fn new_handler(
 
 /// Parse, resolve, and typecheck the given crate.
 pub(crate) fn create_config(
+    handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
     RustdocOptions {
         input,
         crate_name,
@@ -258,8 +259,8 @@ pub(crate) fn create_config(
 
     interface::Config {
         opts: sessopts,
-        crate_cfg: interface::parse_cfgspecs(cfgs),
-        crate_check_cfg: interface::parse_check_cfg(check_cfgs),
+        crate_cfg: interface::parse_cfgspecs(handler, cfgs),
+        crate_check_cfg: interface::parse_check_cfg(handler, check_cfgs),
         input,
         output_file: None,
         output_dir: None,
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
index f6631b66f5b..217257316c8 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/doctest.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use rustc_parse::maybe_new_parser_from_source_str;
 use rustc_parse::parser::attr::InnerAttrPolicy;
 use rustc_session::config::{self, CrateType, ErrorOutputType};
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
-use rustc_session::{lint, Session};
+use rustc_session::{lint, EarlyErrorHandler, Session};
 use rustc_span::edition::Edition;
 use rustc_span::source_map::SourceMap;
 use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
@@ -85,13 +85,18 @@ pub(crate) fn run(options: RustdocOptions) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
         ..config::Options::default()
     };
 
+    let early_error_handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
     let mut cfgs = options.cfgs.clone();
     cfgs.push("doc".to_owned());
     cfgs.push("doctest".to_owned());
     let config = interface::Config {
         opts: sessopts,
-        crate_cfg: interface::parse_cfgspecs(cfgs),
-        crate_check_cfg: interface::parse_check_cfg(options.check_cfgs.clone()),
+        crate_cfg: interface::parse_cfgspecs(&early_error_handler, cfgs),
+        crate_check_cfg: interface::parse_check_cfg(
+            &early_error_handler,
+            options.check_cfgs.clone(),
+        ),
         input,
         output_file: None,
         output_dir: None,
diff --git a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
index a8cd0ec453e..f28deae791a 100644
--- a/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
+++ b/src/librustdoc/lib.rs
@@ -79,8 +79,7 @@ use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
 use rustc_interface::interface;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
 use rustc_session::config::{make_crate_type_option, ErrorOutputType, RustcOptGroup};
-use rustc_session::getopts;
-use rustc_session::{early_error, early_warn};
+use rustc_session::{getopts, EarlyErrorHandler};
 
 use crate::clean::utils::DOC_RUST_LANG_ORG_CHANNEL;
 
@@ -155,6 +154,8 @@ pub fn main() {
         }
     }
 
+    let mut handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
     rustc_driver::install_ice_hook(
         "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/new\
     ?labels=C-bug%2C+I-ICE%2C+T-rustdoc&template=ice.md",
@@ -170,11 +171,12 @@ pub fn main() {
     // NOTE: The reason this doesn't show double logging when `download-rustc = false` and
     // `debug_logging = true` is because all rustc logging goes to its version of tracing (the one
     // in the sysroot), and all of rustdoc's logging goes to its version (the one in Cargo.toml).
-    init_logging();
-    rustc_driver::init_env_logger("RUSTDOC_LOG");
 
-    let exit_code = rustc_driver::catch_with_exit_code(|| match get_args() {
-        Some(args) => main_args(&args),
+    init_logging(&handler);
+    rustc_driver::init_env_logger(&handler, "RUSTDOC_LOG");
+
+    let exit_code = rustc_driver::catch_with_exit_code(|| match get_args(&handler) {
+        Some(args) => main_args(&mut handler, &args),
         _ =>
         {
             #[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -184,22 +186,19 @@ pub fn main() {
     process::exit(exit_code);
 }
 
-fn init_logging() {
+fn init_logging(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler) {
     let color_logs = match std::env::var("RUSTDOC_LOG_COLOR").as_deref() {
         Ok("always") => true,
         Ok("never") => false,
         Ok("auto") | Err(VarError::NotPresent) => io::stdout().is_terminal(),
-        Ok(value) => early_error(
-            ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            format!("invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto", value),
-        ),
-        Err(VarError::NotUnicode(value)) => early_error(
-            ErrorOutputType::default(),
-            format!(
-                "invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto",
-                value.to_string_lossy()
-            ),
-        ),
+        Ok(value) => handler.early_error(format!(
+            "invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto",
+            value
+        )),
+        Err(VarError::NotUnicode(value)) => handler.early_error(format!(
+            "invalid log color value '{}': expected one of always, never, or auto",
+            value.to_string_lossy()
+        )),
     };
     let filter = tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::from_env("RUSTDOC_LOG");
     let layer = tracing_tree::HierarchicalLayer::default()
@@ -219,16 +218,13 @@ fn init_logging() {
     tracing::subscriber::set_global_default(subscriber).unwrap();
 }
 
-fn get_args() -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+fn get_args(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler) -> Option<Vec<String>> {
     env::args_os()
         .enumerate()
         .map(|(i, arg)| {
             arg.into_string()
                 .map_err(|arg| {
-                    early_warn(
-                        ErrorOutputType::default(),
-                        format!("Argument {} is not valid Unicode: {:?}", i, arg),
-                    );
+                    handler.early_warn(format!("Argument {} is not valid Unicode: {:?}", i, arg));
                 })
                 .ok()
         })
@@ -710,7 +706,7 @@ fn run_renderer<'tcx, T: formats::FormatRenderer<'tcx>>(
     }
 }
 
-fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
+fn main_args(handler: &mut EarlyErrorHandler, at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
     // Throw away the first argument, the name of the binary.
     // In case of at_args being empty, as might be the case by
     // passing empty argument array to execve under some platforms,
@@ -721,7 +717,7 @@ fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
     // the compiler with @empty_file as argv[0] and no more arguments.
     let at_args = at_args.get(1..).unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let args = rustc_driver::args::arg_expand_all(at_args);
+    let args = rustc_driver::args::arg_expand_all(handler, at_args);
 
     let mut options = getopts::Options::new();
     for option in opts() {
@@ -730,13 +726,13 @@ fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
     let matches = match options.parse(&args) {
         Ok(m) => m,
         Err(err) => {
-            early_error(ErrorOutputType::default(), err.to_string());
+            handler.early_error(err.to_string());
         }
     };
 
     // Note that we discard any distinction between different non-zero exit
     // codes from `from_matches` here.
-    let (options, render_options) = match config::Options::from_matches(&matches, args) {
+    let (options, render_options) = match config::Options::from_matches(handler, &matches, args) {
         Ok(opts) => opts,
         Err(code) => {
             return if code == 0 {
@@ -764,7 +760,7 @@ fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
         (false, true) => {
             let input = options.input.clone();
             let edition = options.edition;
-            let config = core::create_config(options, &render_options);
+            let config = core::create_config(handler, options, &render_options);
 
             // `markdown::render` can invoke `doctest::make_test`, which
             // requires session globals and a thread pool, so we use
@@ -797,7 +793,7 @@ fn main_args(at_args: &[String]) -> MainResult {
     let scrape_examples_options = options.scrape_examples_options.clone();
     let bin_crate = options.bin_crate;
 
-    let config = core::create_config(options, &render_options);
+    let config = core::create_config(handler, options, &render_options);
 
     interface::run_compiler(config, |compiler| {
         let sess = compiler.session();
diff --git a/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs b/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
index 3c5b6e12b96..f3cc94aeff0 100644
--- a/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
+++ b/src/tools/clippy/src/driver.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ extern crate rustc_session;
 extern crate rustc_span;
 
 use rustc_interface::interface;
+use rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler;
+use rustc_session::config::ErrorOutputType;
 use rustc_session::parse::ParseSess;
 use rustc_span::symbol::Symbol;
 
@@ -187,7 +189,9 @@ const BUG_REPORT_URL: &str = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/ne
 
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
 pub fn main() {
-    rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger();
+    let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
+    rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger(&handler);
 
     rustc_driver::install_ice_hook(BUG_REPORT_URL, |handler| {
         // FIXME: this macro calls unwrap internally but is called in a panicking context!  It's not
diff --git a/src/tools/error_index_generator/main.rs b/src/tools/error_index_generator/main.rs
index f984275b164..62a58576da5 100644
--- a/src/tools/error_index_generator/main.rs
+++ b/src/tools/error_index_generator/main.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #![feature(rustc_private)]
 
 extern crate rustc_driver;
+extern crate rustc_session;
 
 use std::env;
 use std::error::Error;
@@ -170,7 +171,9 @@ fn parse_args() -> (OutputFormat, PathBuf) {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    rustc_driver::init_env_logger("RUST_LOG");
+    let handler =
+        rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler::new(rustc_session::config::ErrorOutputType::default());
+    rustc_driver::init_env_logger(&handler, "RUST_LOG");
     let (format, dst) = parse_args();
     let result = main_with_result(format, &dst);
     if let Err(e) = result {
diff --git a/src/tools/miri/src/bin/miri.rs b/src/tools/miri/src/bin/miri.rs
index 083dd4800d9..219617b1d68 100644
--- a/src/tools/miri/src/bin/miri.rs
+++ b/src/tools/miri/src/bin/miri.rs
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ use rustc_middle::{
     query::{ExternProviders, LocalCrate},
     ty::TyCtxt,
 };
-use rustc_session::config::OptLevel;
-
-use rustc_session::{config::CrateType, search_paths::PathKind, CtfeBacktrace};
+use rustc_session::{EarlyErrorHandler, CtfeBacktrace};
+use rustc_session::config::{OptLevel, CrateType, ErrorOutputType};
+use rustc_session::search_paths::PathKind;
 
 use miri::{BacktraceStyle, BorrowTrackerMethod, ProvenanceMode, RetagFields};
 
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ impl rustc_driver::Callbacks for MiriCompilerCalls {
 
     fn after_analysis<'tcx>(
         &mut self,
+        handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
         _: &rustc_interface::interface::Compiler,
         queries: &'tcx rustc_interface::Queries<'tcx>,
     ) -> Compilation {
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ impl rustc_driver::Callbacks for MiriCompilerCalls {
             if tcx.sess.compile_status().is_err() {
                 tcx.sess.fatal("miri cannot be run on programs that fail compilation");
             }
-
-            init_late_loggers(tcx);
+;
+            init_late_loggers(handler, tcx);
             if !tcx.sess.crate_types().contains(&CrateType::Executable) {
                 tcx.sess.fatal("miri only makes sense on bin crates");
             }
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ macro_rules! show_error {
     ($($tt:tt)*) => { show_error(&format_args!($($tt)*)) };
 }
 
-fn init_early_loggers() {
+fn init_early_loggers(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler) {
     // Note that our `extern crate log` is *not* the same as rustc's; as a result, we have to
     // initialize them both, and we always initialize `miri`'s first.
     let env = env_logger::Env::new().filter("MIRI_LOG").write_style("MIRI_LOG_STYLE");
@@ -195,11 +196,11 @@ fn init_early_loggers() {
     // later with our custom settings, and *not* log anything for what happens before
     // `miri` gets started.
     if env::var_os("RUSTC_LOG").is_some() {
-        rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger();
+        rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger(handler);
     }
 }
 
-fn init_late_loggers(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) {
+fn init_late_loggers(handler: &EarlyErrorHandler, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) {
     // We initialize loggers right before we start evaluation. We overwrite the `RUSTC_LOG`
     // env var if it is not set, control it based on `MIRI_LOG`.
     // (FIXME: use `var_os`, but then we need to manually concatenate instead of `format!`.)
@@ -218,7 +219,7 @@ fn init_late_loggers(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) {
             } else {
                 env::set_var("RUSTC_LOG", &var);
             }
-            rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger();
+            rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger(handler);
         }
     }
 
@@ -284,6 +285,8 @@ fn parse_comma_list<T: FromStr>(input: &str) -> Result<Vec<T>, T::Err> {
 }
 
 fn main() {
+    let handler = EarlyErrorHandler::new(ErrorOutputType::default());
+
     // Snapshot a copy of the environment before `rustc` starts messing with it.
     // (`install_ice_hook` might change `RUST_BACKTRACE`.)
     let env_snapshot = env::vars_os().collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@ fn main() {
     if let Some(crate_kind) = env::var_os("MIRI_BE_RUSTC") {
         // Earliest rustc setup.
         rustc_driver::install_ice_hook(rustc_driver::DEFAULT_BUG_REPORT_URL, |_| ());
-        rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger();
+        rustc_driver::init_rustc_env_logger(&handler);
 
         let target_crate = if crate_kind == "target" {
             true
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@ fn main() {
     rustc_driver::install_ice_hook("https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/new", |_| ());
 
     // Init loggers the Miri way.
-    init_early_loggers();
+    init_early_loggers(&handler);
 
     // Parse our arguments and split them across `rustc` and `miri`.
     let mut miri_config = miri::MiriConfig::default();
diff --git a/tests/run-make-fulldeps/obtain-borrowck/driver.rs b/tests/run-make-fulldeps/obtain-borrowck/driver.rs
index b59a65a713f..04c551cf4bb 100644
--- a/tests/run-make-fulldeps/obtain-borrowck/driver.rs
+++ b/tests/run-make-fulldeps/obtain-borrowck/driver.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use rustc_interface::{Config, Queries};
 use rustc_middle::query::queries::mir_borrowck::ProvidedValue;
 use rustc_middle::query::{ExternProviders, Providers};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
-use rustc_session::Session;
+use rustc_session::{Session, EarlyErrorHandler};
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::thread_local;
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ impl rustc_driver::Callbacks for CompilerCalls {
     // the result.
     fn after_analysis<'tcx>(
         &mut self,
+        _handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
         compiler: &Compiler,
         queries: &'tcx Queries<'tcx>,
     ) -> Compilation {
diff --git a/tests/ui-fulldeps/stable-mir/crate-info.rs b/tests/ui-fulldeps/stable-mir/crate-info.rs
index a3db2e9ef24..9ef208a14b2 100644
--- a/tests/ui-fulldeps/stable-mir/crate-info.rs
+++ b/tests/ui-fulldeps/stable-mir/crate-info.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ extern crate rustc_driver;
 extern crate rustc_hir;
 extern crate rustc_interface;
 extern crate rustc_middle;
+extern crate rustc_session;
 extern crate rustc_smir;
 
 use rustc_driver::{Callbacks, Compilation, RunCompiler};
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_interface::{interface, Queries};
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyCtxt;
+use rustc_session::EarlyErrorHandler;
 use rustc_smir::{rustc_internal, stable_mir};
 use std::io::Write;
 
@@ -121,6 +123,7 @@ impl Callbacks for SMirCalls {
     /// continue the compilation afterwards (defaults to `Compilation::Continue`)
     fn after_analysis<'tcx>(
         &mut self,
+        _handler: &EarlyErrorHandler,
         _compiler: &interface::Compiler,
         queries: &'tcx Queries<'tcx>,
     ) -> Compilation {