diff --git a/src/tools/compiletest/src/header.rs b/src/tools/compiletest/src/header.rs
index 42159b147d5..c7c807d3e68 100644
--- a/src/tools/compiletest/src/header.rs
+++ b/src/tools/compiletest/src/header.rs
@@ -932,6 +932,8 @@ const KNOWN_DIRECTIVE_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
     "test-mir-pass",
     "unset-exec-env",
     "unset-rustc-env",
+    // Used by the tidy check `unknown_revision`.
+    "unused-revision-names",
     // tidy-alphabetical-end
 ];
 
diff --git a/src/tools/tidy/src/lib.rs b/src/tools/tidy/src/lib.rs
index c15081a56d1..ae9d2b8b8dc 100644
--- a/src/tools/tidy/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/tools/tidy/src/lib.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ pub mod tests_placement;
 pub mod tests_revision_unpaired_stdout_stderr;
 pub mod ui_tests;
 pub mod unit_tests;
+pub mod unknown_revision;
 pub mod unstable_book;
 pub mod walk;
 pub mod x_version;
diff --git a/src/tools/tidy/src/main.rs b/src/tools/tidy/src/main.rs
index 77691815830..1d2b2e4d034 100644
--- a/src/tools/tidy/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/tools/tidy/src/main.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ fn main() {
         check!(rustdoc_gui_tests, &tests_path);
         check!(rustdoc_css_themes, &librustdoc_path);
         check!(known_bug, &crashes_path);
+        check!(unknown_revision, &tests_path);
 
         // Checks that only make sense for the compiler.
         check!(error_codes, &root_path, &[&compiler_path, &librustdoc_path], verbose);
diff --git a/src/tools/tidy/src/unknown_revision.rs b/src/tools/tidy/src/unknown_revision.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..abfff1d632a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tools/tidy/src/unknown_revision.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+//! Checks that test revision names appearing in header directives and error
+//! annotations have actually been declared in `revisions`.
+
+// FIXME(jieyouxu) Ideally these checks would be integrated into compiletest's
+// own directive and revision handling, but for now they've been split out as a
+// separate `tidy` check to avoid making compiletest even messier.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet};
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+
+use ignore::DirEntry;
+use regex::Regex;
+
+use crate::iter_header::{iter_header, HeaderLine};
+use crate::walk::{filter_dirs, filter_not_rust, walk};
+
+pub fn check(tests_path: impl AsRef<Path>, bad: &mut bool) {
+    walk(
+        tests_path.as_ref(),
+        |path, is_dir| {
+            filter_dirs(path) || filter_not_rust(path) || {
+                // Auxiliary source files for incremental tests can refer to revisions
+                // declared by the main file, which this check doesn't handle.
+                is_dir && path.file_name().is_some_and(|name| name == "auxiliary")
+            }
+        },
+        &mut |entry, contents| visit_test_file(entry, contents, bad),
+    );
+}
+
+fn visit_test_file(entry: &DirEntry, contents: &str, bad: &mut bool) {
+    let mut revisions = HashSet::new();
+    let mut unused_revision_names = HashSet::new();
+
+    // Maps each mentioned revision to the first line it was mentioned on.
+    let mut mentioned_revisions = HashMap::<&str, usize>::new();
+    let mut add_mentioned_revision = |line_number: usize, revision| {
+        let first_line = mentioned_revisions.entry(revision).or_insert(line_number);
+        *first_line = (*first_line).min(line_number);
+    };
+
+    // Scan all `//@` headers to find declared revisions and mentioned revisions.
+    iter_header(contents, &mut |HeaderLine { line_number, revision, directive }| {
+        if let Some(revs) = directive.strip_prefix("revisions:") {
+            revisions.extend(revs.split_whitespace());
+        } else if let Some(revs) = directive.strip_prefix("unused-revision-names:") {
+            unused_revision_names.extend(revs.split_whitespace());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(revision) = revision {
+            add_mentioned_revision(line_number, revision);
+        }
+    });
+
+    // If a wildcard appears in `unused-revision-names`, skip all revision name
+    // checking for this file.
+    if unused_revision_names.contains(&"*") {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Scan all `//[rev]~` error annotations to find mentioned revisions.
+    for_each_error_annotation_revision(contents, &mut |ErrorAnnRev { line_number, revision }| {
+        add_mentioned_revision(line_number, revision);
+    });
+
+    let path = entry.path().display();
+
+    // Fail if any revision names appear in both places, since that's probably a mistake.
+    for rev in revisions.intersection(&unused_revision_names).copied().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>() {
+        tidy_error!(
+            bad,
+            "revision name [{rev}] appears in both `revisions` and `unused-revision-names` in {path}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    // Compute the set of revisions that were mentioned but not declared,
+    // sorted by the first line number they appear on.
+    let mut bad_revisions = mentioned_revisions
+        .into_iter()
+        .filter(|(rev, _)| !revisions.contains(rev) && !unused_revision_names.contains(rev))
+        .map(|(rev, line_number)| (line_number, rev))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    bad_revisions.sort();
+
+    for (line_number, rev) in bad_revisions {
+        tidy_error!(bad, "unknown revision [{rev}] at {path}:{line_number}");
+    }
+}
+
+struct ErrorAnnRev<'a> {
+    line_number: usize,
+    revision: &'a str,
+}
+
+fn for_each_error_annotation_revision<'a>(
+    contents: &'a str,
+    callback: &mut dyn FnMut(ErrorAnnRev<'a>),
+) {
+    let error_regex = {
+        // Simplified from the regex used by `parse_expected` in `src/tools/compiletest/src/errors.rs`,
+        // because we only care about extracting revision names.
+        static RE: OnceLock<Regex> = OnceLock::new();
+        RE.get_or_init(|| Regex::new(r"//\[(?<revs>[^]]*)\]~").unwrap())
+    };
+
+    for (line_number, line) in (1..).zip(contents.lines()) {
+        let Some(captures) = error_regex.captures(line) else { continue };
+
+        for revision in captures.name("revs").unwrap().as_str().split(',') {
+            callback(ErrorAnnRev { line_number, revision });
+        }
+    }
+}