Implement TryFrom<char> for u8

Previously suggested in https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/issues/2854.

It makes sense to have this since `char` implements `From<u8>`. Likewise
`u32`, `u64`, and `u128` (since #79502) implement `From<char>`.

library/core/src/char/convert.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! Character conversions.
 
+use crate::char::TryFromCharError;
 use crate::convert::TryFrom;
 use crate::fmt;
 use crate::mem::transmute;
@@ -166,6 +167,20 @@ fn from(c: char) -> Self {
     }
 }
 
+/// Map `char` with code point in U+0000..=U+00FF to byte in 0x00..=0xFF with same value, failing
+/// if the code point is greater than U+00FF.
+///
+/// See [`impl From<u8> for char`](char#impl-From<u8>) for details on the encoding.
+#[stable(feature = "u8_from_char", since = "1.59.0")]
+impl TryFrom<char> for u8 {
+    type Error = TryFromCharError;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn try_from(c: char) -> Result<u8, Self::Error> {
+        u8::try_from(u32::from(c)).map_err(|_| TryFromCharError(()))
+    }
+}
+
 /// Maps a byte in 0x00..=0xFF to a `char` whose code point has the same value, in U+0000..=U+00FF.
 ///
 /// Unicode is designed such that this effectively decodes bytes

library/core/src/char/mod.rs

@@ -544,3 +544,15 @@ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
     }
 }
+
+/// The error type returned when a checked char conversion fails.
+#[stable(feature = "u8_from_char", since = "1.59.0")]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct TryFromCharError(pub(crate) ());
+
+#[stable(feature = "u8_from_char", since = "1.59.0")]
+impl fmt::Display for TryFromCharError {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        "unicode code point out of range".fmt(fmt)
+    }
+}

library/std/src/error.rs

@@ -478,6 +478,9 @@ fn description(&self) -> &str {
     }
 }
 
+#[stable(feature = "u8_from_char", since = "1.59.0")]
+impl Error for char::TryFromCharError {}
+
 #[unstable(feature = "map_try_insert", issue = "82766")]
 impl<'a, K: Debug + Ord, V: Debug> Error
     for crate::collections::btree_map::OccupiedError<'a, K, V>