diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/block.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/block.rs
index 8e02cbfd2ca..20d3ce65fac 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/block.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/block.rs
@@ -14,15 +14,6 @@ pub(super) fn lower_block(
         self.arena.alloc(self.lower_block_noalloc(hir_id, b, targeted_by_break))
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn lower_block_with_hir_id(
-        &mut self,
-        b: &Block,
-        hir_id: hir::HirId,
-        targeted_by_break: bool,
-    ) -> &'hir hir::Block<'hir> {
-        self.arena.alloc(self.lower_block_noalloc(hir_id, b, targeted_by_break))
-    }
-
     pub(super) fn lower_block_noalloc(
         &mut self,
         hir_id: hir::HirId,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
index 37eea707929..70c94f4019a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/delegation.rs
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ fn lower_delegation_body(
                     };
                     self_resolver.visit_block(block);
                     // Target expr needs to lower `self` path.
-                    this.ident_to_local_id.insert(pat_node_id, param.pat.hir_id.local_id);
+                    this.ident_and_label_to_local_id.insert(pat_node_id, param.pat.hir_id.local_id);
                     this.lower_target_expr(&block)
                 } else {
                     this.generate_arg(param.pat.hir_id, span)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
index 3df945a18e8..d986c4b412f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs
@@ -261,10 +261,12 @@ pub(super) fn lower_expr_mut(&mut self, e: &Expr) -> hir::Expr<'hir> {
                     // expr node id.
                     let block_hir_id = self.lower_node_id(blk.id);
                     let opt_label = self.lower_label(*opt_label, blk.id, block_hir_id);
-                    hir::ExprKind::Block(
-                        self.lower_block_with_hir_id(blk, block_hir_id, opt_label.is_some()),
-                        opt_label,
-                    )
+                    let hir_block = self.arena.alloc(self.lower_block_noalloc(
+                        block_hir_id,
+                        blk,
+                        opt_label.is_some(),
+                    ));
+                    hir::ExprKind::Block(hir_block, opt_label)
                 }
                 ExprKind::Assign(el, er, span) => self.lower_expr_assign(el, er, *span, e.span),
                 ExprKind::AssignOp(op, el, er) => hir::ExprKind::AssignOp(
@@ -1486,7 +1488,7 @@ fn lower_label(
         dest_hir_id: hir::HirId,
     ) -> Option<Label> {
         let label = opt_label?;
-        self.labelled_node_id_to_local_id.insert(dest_id, dest_hir_id.local_id);
+        self.ident_and_label_to_local_id.insert(dest_id, dest_hir_id.local_id);
         Some(Label { ident: self.lower_ident(label.ident) })
     }
 
@@ -1494,7 +1496,7 @@ fn lower_loop_destination(&mut self, destination: Option<(NodeId, Label)>) -> hi
         let target_id = match destination {
             Some((id, _)) => {
                 if let Some(loop_id) = self.resolver.get_label_res(id) {
-                    let local_id = self.labelled_node_id_to_local_id[&loop_id];
+                    let local_id = self.ident_and_label_to_local_id[&loop_id];
                     let loop_hir_id = HirId { owner: self.current_hir_id_owner, local_id };
                     Ok(loop_hir_id)
                 } else {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
index 9cad03ae403..d7245607501 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs
@@ -154,8 +154,7 @@ pub(super) fn lower_mod(
     fn lower_item(&mut self, i: &Item) -> &'hir hir::Item<'hir> {
         let mut ident = i.ident;
         let vis_span = self.lower_span(i.vis.span);
-        let hir_id =
-            hir::HirId { owner: self.current_hir_id_owner, local_id: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO };
+        let hir_id = hir::HirId::make_owner(self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id);
         let attrs = self.lower_attrs(hir_id, &i.attrs);
         let kind = self.lower_item_kind(i.span, i.id, hir_id, &mut ident, attrs, vis_span, &i.kind);
         let item = hir::Item {
@@ -605,8 +604,7 @@ fn lower_assoc_item(
     }
 
     fn lower_foreign_item(&mut self, i: &ForeignItem) -> &'hir hir::ForeignItem<'hir> {
-        let hir_id =
-            hir::HirId { owner: self.current_hir_id_owner, local_id: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO };
+        let hir_id = hir::HirId::make_owner(self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id);
         let owner_id = hir_id.expect_owner();
         self.lower_attrs(hir_id, &i.attrs);
         let item = hir::ForeignItem {
@@ -730,8 +728,7 @@ pub(super) fn lower_field_def(
     }
 
     fn lower_trait_item(&mut self, i: &AssocItem) -> &'hir hir::TraitItem<'hir> {
-        let hir_id =
-            hir::HirId { owner: self.current_hir_id_owner, local_id: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO };
+        let hir_id = hir::HirId::make_owner(self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id);
         self.lower_attrs(hir_id, &i.attrs);
         let trait_item_def_id = hir_id.expect_owner();
 
@@ -861,8 +858,7 @@ fn lower_impl_item(&mut self, i: &AssocItem) -> &'hir hir::ImplItem<'hir> {
         // Since `default impl` is not yet implemented, this is always true in impls.
         let has_value = true;
         let (defaultness, _) = self.lower_defaultness(i.kind.defaultness(), has_value);
-        let hir_id =
-            hir::HirId { owner: self.current_hir_id_owner, local_id: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO };
+        let hir_id = hir::HirId::make_owner(self.current_hir_id_owner.def_id);
         self.lower_attrs(hir_id, &i.attrs);
 
         let (generics, kind) = match &i.kind {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
index 3067cb7ccf2..4ca878a1be0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     impl_trait_defs: Vec<hir::GenericParam<'hir>>,
     impl_trait_bounds: Vec<hir::WherePredicate<'hir>>,
 
-    /// NodeIds of labelled nodes that are lowered inside the current HIR owner.
-    labelled_node_id_to_local_id: NodeMap<hir::ItemLocalId>,
-    /// NodeIds of identifier that are lowered inside the current HIR owner.
-    ident_to_local_id: NodeMap<hir::ItemLocalId>,
+    /// NodeIds of pattern identifiers and labelled nodes that are lowered inside the current HIR owner.
+    ident_and_label_to_local_id: NodeMap<hir::ItemLocalId>,
+    /// NodeIds that are lowered inside the current HIR owner. Only used for duplicate lowering check.
+    node_id_to_local_id: NodeMap<hir::ItemLocalId>,
 
     allow_try_trait: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
     allow_gen_future: Lrc<[Symbol]>,
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'hir>, resolver: &'a mut ResolverAstLowering) -> Self {
             current_hir_id_owner: hir::CRATE_OWNER_ID,
             current_def_id_parent: CRATE_DEF_ID,
             item_local_id_counter: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO,
-            labelled_node_id_to_local_id: Default::default(),
-            ident_to_local_id: Default::default(),
+            ident_and_label_to_local_id: Default::default(),
+            node_id_to_local_id: Default::default(),
             trait_map: Default::default(),
 
             // Lowering state.
@@ -589,9 +589,9 @@ fn with_hir_id_owner(
 
         let current_attrs = std::mem::take(&mut self.attrs);
         let current_bodies = std::mem::take(&mut self.bodies);
-        let current_labelled_node_id_to_local_id =
-            std::mem::take(&mut self.labelled_node_id_to_local_id);
-        let current_ident_to_local_id = std::mem::take(&mut self.ident_to_local_id);
+        let current_ident_and_label_to_local_id =
+            std::mem::take(&mut self.ident_and_label_to_local_id);
+        let current_node_id_to_local_id = std::mem::take(&mut self.node_id_to_local_id);
         let current_trait_map = std::mem::take(&mut self.trait_map);
         let current_owner =
             std::mem::replace(&mut self.current_hir_id_owner, hir::OwnerId { def_id });
@@ -604,6 +604,10 @@ fn with_hir_id_owner(
         // we want `f` to be able to refer to the `LocalDefId`s that the caller created.
         // and the caller to refer to some of the subdefinitions' nodes' `LocalDefId`s.
 
+        // Always allocate the first `HirId` for the owner itself.
+        let _old = self.node_id_to_local_id.insert(owner, hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO);
+        debug_assert_eq!(_old, None);
+
         let item = self.with_def_id_parent(def_id, f);
         debug_assert_eq!(def_id, item.def_id().def_id);
         // `f` should have consumed all the elements in these vectors when constructing `item`.
@@ -613,8 +617,8 @@ fn with_hir_id_owner(
 
         self.attrs = current_attrs;
         self.bodies = current_bodies;
-        self.labelled_node_id_to_local_id = current_labelled_node_id_to_local_id;
-        self.ident_to_local_id = current_ident_to_local_id;
+        self.ident_and_label_to_local_id = current_ident_and_label_to_local_id;
+        self.node_id_to_local_id = current_node_id_to_local_id;
         self.trait_map = current_trait_map;
         self.current_hir_id_owner = current_owner;
         self.item_local_id_counter = current_local_counter;
@@ -703,6 +707,13 @@ fn lower_node_id(&mut self, ast_node_id: NodeId) -> HirId {
             self.trait_map.insert(hir_id.local_id, traits.into_boxed_slice());
         }
 
+        // Check whether the same `NodeId` is lowered more than once.
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            let old = self.node_id_to_local_id.insert(ast_node_id, local_id);
+            assert_eq!(old, None);
+        }
+
         hir_id
     }
 
@@ -720,7 +731,7 @@ fn next_id(&mut self) -> HirId {
     fn lower_res(&mut self, res: Res<NodeId>) -> Res {
         let res: Result<Res, ()> = res.apply_id(|id| {
             let owner = self.current_hir_id_owner;
-            let local_id = self.ident_to_local_id.get(&id).copied().ok_or(())?;
+            let local_id = self.ident_and_label_to_local_id.get(&id).copied().ok_or(())?;
             Ok(HirId { owner, local_id })
         });
         trace!(?res);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
index 21829ea25a9..59c0e24479a 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/pat.rs
@@ -270,12 +270,12 @@ fn lower_pat_ident(
                 };
                 // All identifiers resolves to this canonical identifier share its `HirId`.
                 let binding_id = if canonical_id == p.id {
-                    self.ident_to_local_id.insert(canonical_id, hir_id.local_id);
+                    self.ident_and_label_to_local_id.insert(canonical_id, hir_id.local_id);
                     hir_id
                 } else {
                     hir::HirId {
                         owner: self.current_hir_id_owner,
-                        local_id: self.ident_to_local_id[&canonical_id],
+                        local_id: self.ident_and_label_to_local_id[&canonical_id],
                     }
                 };
                 hir::PatKind::Binding(