rust/compiler/rustc_mir_transform/src/check_unsafety.rs

use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
use rustc_errors::struct_span_err;
use rustc_hir as hir;
use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
use rustc_hir::hir_id::HirId;
use rustc_hir::intravisit;
use rustc_middle::mir::visit::{MutatingUseContext, PlaceContext, Visitor};
use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt};
use rustc_middle::{lint, mir::*};
use rustc_session::lint::builtin::{UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN, UNUSED_UNSAFE};
use rustc_session::lint::Level;

use std::collections::hash_map;
use std::ops::Bound;

pub struct UnsafetyChecker<'a, 'tcx> {
    body: &'a Body<'tcx>,
    body_did: LocalDefId,
    violations: Vec<UnsafetyViolation>,
    source_info: SourceInfo,
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,

    /// Used `unsafe` blocks in this function. This is used for the "unused_unsafe" lint.
    ///
    /// The keys are the used `unsafe` blocks, the UnusedUnsafeKind indicates whether
    /// or not any of the usages happen at a place that doesn't allow `unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn`.
    used_unsafe_blocks: FxHashMap<HirId, UsedUnsafeBlockData>,
}

impl<'a, 'tcx> UnsafetyChecker<'a, 'tcx> {
    fn new(
        body: &'a Body<'tcx>,
        body_did: LocalDefId,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            body,
            body_did,
            violations: vec![],
            source_info: SourceInfo::outermost(body.span),
            tcx,
            param_env,
            used_unsafe_blocks: Default::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for UnsafetyChecker<'_, 'tcx> {
    fn visit_terminator(&mut self, terminator: &Terminator<'tcx>, location: Location) {
        self.source_info = terminator.source_info;
        match terminator.kind {
            TerminatorKind::Goto { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::SwitchInt { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::Drop { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::Yield { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::Assert { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::DropAndReplace { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::GeneratorDrop
            | TerminatorKind::Resume
            | TerminatorKind::Abort
            | TerminatorKind::Return
            | TerminatorKind::Unreachable
            | TerminatorKind::FalseEdge { .. }
            | TerminatorKind::FalseUnwind { .. } => {
                // safe (at least as emitted during MIR construction)
            }

            TerminatorKind::Call { ref func, .. } => {
                let func_ty = func.ty(self.body, self.tcx);
                let func_id =
                    if let ty::FnDef(func_id, _) = func_ty.kind() { Some(func_id) } else { None };
                let sig = func_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx);
                if let hir::Unsafety::Unsafe = sig.unsafety() {
                    self.require_unsafe(
                        UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                        UnsafetyViolationDetails::CallToUnsafeFunction,
                    )
                }

                if let Some(func_id) = func_id {
                    self.check_target_features(*func_id);
                }
            }

            TerminatorKind::InlineAsm { .. } => self.require_unsafe(
                UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                UnsafetyViolationDetails::UseOfInlineAssembly,
            ),
        }
        self.super_terminator(terminator, location);
    }

    fn visit_statement(&mut self, statement: &Statement<'tcx>, location: Location) {
        self.source_info = statement.source_info;
        match statement.kind {
            StatementKind::Assign(..)
            | StatementKind::FakeRead(..)
            | StatementKind::SetDiscriminant { .. }
            | StatementKind::Deinit(..)
            | StatementKind::StorageLive(..)
            | StatementKind::StorageDead(..)
            | StatementKind::Retag { .. }
            | StatementKind::AscribeUserType(..)
            | StatementKind::Coverage(..)
            | StatementKind::Nop => {
                // safe (at least as emitted during MIR construction)
            }

            StatementKind::CopyNonOverlapping(..) => unreachable!(),
        }
        self.super_statement(statement, location);
    }

    fn visit_rvalue(&mut self, rvalue: &Rvalue<'tcx>, location: Location) {
        match rvalue {
            Rvalue::Aggregate(box ref aggregate, _) => match aggregate {
                &AggregateKind::Array(..) | &AggregateKind::Tuple => {}
                &AggregateKind::Adt(adt_did, ..) => {
                    match self.tcx.layout_scalar_valid_range(adt_did) {
                        (Bound::Unbounded, Bound::Unbounded) => {}
                        _ => self.require_unsafe(
                            UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                            UnsafetyViolationDetails::InitializingTypeWith,
                        ),
                    }
                }
                &AggregateKind::Closure(def_id, _) | &AggregateKind::Generator(def_id, _, _) => {
                    let UnsafetyCheckResult { violations, used_unsafe_blocks, .. } =
                        self.tcx.unsafety_check_result(def_id.expect_local());
                    self.register_violations(
                        violations,
                        used_unsafe_blocks.iter().map(|(&h, &d)| (h, d)),
                    );
                }
            },
            _ => {}
        }
        self.super_rvalue(rvalue, location);
    }

    fn visit_place(&mut self, place: &Place<'tcx>, context: PlaceContext, _location: Location) {
        // On types with `scalar_valid_range`, prevent
        // * `&mut x.field`
        // * `x.field = y;`
        // * `&x.field` if `field`'s type has interior mutability
        // because either of these would allow modifying the layout constrained field and
        // insert values that violate the layout constraints.
        if context.is_mutating_use() || context.is_borrow() {
            self.check_mut_borrowing_layout_constrained_field(*place, context.is_mutating_use());
        }

        // Some checks below need the extra meta info of the local declaration.
        let decl = &self.body.local_decls[place.local];

        // Check the base local: it might be an unsafe-to-access static. We only check derefs of the
        // temporary holding the static pointer to avoid duplicate errors
        // <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/78068#issuecomment-731753506>.
        if decl.internal && place.projection.first() == Some(&ProjectionElem::Deref) {
            // If the projection root is an artificial local that we introduced when
            // desugaring `static`, give a more specific error message
            // (avoid the general "raw pointer" clause below, that would only be confusing).
            if let Some(box LocalInfo::StaticRef { def_id, .. }) = decl.local_info {
                if self.tcx.is_mutable_static(def_id) {
                    self.require_unsafe(
                        UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                        UnsafetyViolationDetails::UseOfMutableStatic,
                    );
                    return;
                } else if self.tcx.is_foreign_item(def_id) {
                    self.require_unsafe(
                        UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                        UnsafetyViolationDetails::UseOfExternStatic,
                    );
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        // Check for raw pointer `Deref`.
        for (base, proj) in place.iter_projections() {
            if proj == ProjectionElem::Deref {
                let base_ty = base.ty(self.body, self.tcx).ty;
                if base_ty.is_unsafe_ptr() {
                    self.require_unsafe(
                        UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                        UnsafetyViolationDetails::DerefOfRawPointer,
                    )
                }
            }
        }

        // Check for union fields. For this we traverse right-to-left, as the last `Deref` changes
        // whether we *read* the union field or potentially *write* to it (if this place is being assigned to).
        let mut saw_deref = false;
        for (base, proj) in place.iter_projections().rev() {
            if proj == ProjectionElem::Deref {
                saw_deref = true;
                continue;
            }

            let base_ty = base.ty(self.body, self.tcx).ty;
            if base_ty.is_union() {
                // If we did not hit a `Deref` yet and the overall place use is an assignment, the
                // rules are different.
                let assign_to_field = !saw_deref
                    && matches!(
                        context,
                        PlaceContext::MutatingUse(
                            MutatingUseContext::Store
                                | MutatingUseContext::Drop
                                | MutatingUseContext::AsmOutput
                        )
                    );
                // If this is just an assignment, determine if the assigned type needs dropping.
                if assign_to_field {
                    // We have to check the actual type of the assignment, as that determines if the
                    // old value is being dropped.
                    let assigned_ty = place.ty(&self.body.local_decls, self.tcx).ty;
                    // To avoid semver hazard, we only consider `Copy` and `ManuallyDrop` non-dropping.
                    let manually_drop = assigned_ty
                        .ty_adt_def()
                        .map_or(false, |adt_def| adt_def.is_manually_drop());
                    let nodrop = manually_drop
                        || assigned_ty.is_copy_modulo_regions(
                            self.tcx.at(self.source_info.span),
                            self.param_env,
                        );
                    if !nodrop {
                        self.require_unsafe(
                            UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                            UnsafetyViolationDetails::AssignToDroppingUnionField,
                        );
                    } else {
                        // write to non-drop union field, safe
                    }
                } else {
                    self.require_unsafe(
                        UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                        UnsafetyViolationDetails::AccessToUnionField,
                    )
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> UnsafetyChecker<'_, 'tcx> {
    fn require_unsafe(&mut self, kind: UnsafetyViolationKind, details: UnsafetyViolationDetails) {
        // Violations can turn out to be `UnsafeFn` during analysis, but they should not start out as such.
        assert_ne!(kind, UnsafetyViolationKind::UnsafeFn);

        let source_info = self.source_info;
        let lint_root = self.body.source_scopes[self.source_info.scope]
            .local_data
            .as_ref()
            .assert_crate_local()
            .lint_root;
        self.register_violations(
            [&UnsafetyViolation { source_info, lint_root, kind, details }],
            [],
        );
    }

    fn register_violations<'a>(
        &mut self,
        violations: impl IntoIterator<Item = &'a UnsafetyViolation>,
        new_used_unsafe_blocks: impl IntoIterator<Item = (HirId, UsedUnsafeBlockData)>,
    ) {
        use UsedUnsafeBlockData::{AllAllowedInUnsafeFn, SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn};

        let update_entry = |this: &mut Self, hir_id, new_usage| {
            match this.used_unsafe_blocks.entry(hir_id) {
                hash_map::Entry::Occupied(mut entry) => {
                    if new_usage == SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn {
                        *entry.get_mut() = SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn;
                    }
                }
                hash_map::Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                    entry.insert(new_usage);
                }
            };
        };
        let safety = self.body.source_scopes[self.source_info.scope]
            .local_data
            .as_ref()
            .assert_crate_local()
            .safety;
        match safety {
            // `unsafe` blocks are required in safe code
            Safety::Safe => violations.into_iter().for_each(|&violation| {
                match violation.kind {
                    UnsafetyViolationKind::General => {}
                    UnsafetyViolationKind::UnsafeFn => {
                        bug!("`UnsafetyViolationKind::UnsafeFn` in an `Safe` context")
                    }
                }
                if !self.violations.contains(&violation) {
                    self.violations.push(violation)
                }
            }),
            // With the RFC 2585, no longer allow `unsafe` operations in `unsafe fn`s
            Safety::FnUnsafe => violations.into_iter().for_each(|&(mut violation)| {
                violation.kind = UnsafetyViolationKind::UnsafeFn;
                if !self.violations.contains(&violation) {
                    self.violations.push(violation)
                }
            }),
            Safety::BuiltinUnsafe => {}
            Safety::ExplicitUnsafe(hir_id) => violations.into_iter().for_each(|violation| {
                update_entry(
                    self,
                    hir_id,
                    match self.tcx.lint_level_at_node(UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN, violation.lint_root).0
                    {
                        Level::Allow => AllAllowedInUnsafeFn(violation.lint_root),
                        _ => SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn,
                    },
                )
            }),
        };

        new_used_unsafe_blocks
            .into_iter()
            .for_each(|(hir_id, usage_data)| update_entry(self, hir_id, usage_data));
    }
    fn check_mut_borrowing_layout_constrained_field(
        &mut self,
        place: Place<'tcx>,
        is_mut_use: bool,
    ) {
        for (place_base, elem) in place.iter_projections().rev() {
            match elem {
                // Modifications behind a dereference don't affect the value of
                // the pointer.
                ProjectionElem::Deref => return,
                ProjectionElem::Field(..) => {
                    let ty = place_base.ty(&self.body.local_decls, self.tcx).ty;
                    if let ty::Adt(def, _) = ty.kind() {
                        if self.tcx.layout_scalar_valid_range(def.did())
                            != (Bound::Unbounded, Bound::Unbounded)
                        {
                            let details = if is_mut_use {
                                UnsafetyViolationDetails::MutationOfLayoutConstrainedField

                            // Check `is_freeze` as late as possible to avoid cycle errors
                            // with opaque types.
                            } else if !place
                                .ty(self.body, self.tcx)
                                .ty
                                .is_freeze(self.tcx.at(self.source_info.span), self.param_env)
                            {
                                UnsafetyViolationDetails::BorrowOfLayoutConstrainedField
                            } else {
                                continue;
                            };
                            self.require_unsafe(UnsafetyViolationKind::General, details);
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
    }

    /// Checks whether calling `func_did` needs an `unsafe` context or not, i.e. whether
    /// the called function has target features the calling function hasn't.
    fn check_target_features(&mut self, func_did: DefId) {
        // Unsafety isn't required on wasm targets. For more information see
        // the corresponding check in typeck/src/collect.rs
        if self.tcx.sess.target.options.is_like_wasm {
            return;
        }

        let callee_features = &self.tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(func_did).target_features;
        // Constants don't have codegen attributes, so the body might not have codegen attributes.
        let self_features: &[_] = if self.tcx.has_codegen_attrs(self.tcx.def_kind(self.body_did)) {
            &self.tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(self.body_did).target_features
        } else {
            &[]
        };

        // Is `callee_features` a subset of `calling_features`?
        if !callee_features.iter().all(|feature| self_features.contains(feature)) {
            self.require_unsafe(
                UnsafetyViolationKind::General,
                UnsafetyViolationDetails::CallToFunctionWith,
            )
        }
    }
}

pub(crate) fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
    *providers = Providers {
        unsafety_check_result: |tcx, def_id| {
            if let Some(def) = ty::WithOptConstParam::try_lookup(def_id, tcx) {
                tcx.unsafety_check_result_for_const_arg(def)
            } else {
                unsafety_check_result(tcx, ty::WithOptConstParam::unknown(def_id))
            }
        },
        unsafety_check_result_for_const_arg: |tcx, (did, param_did)| {
            unsafety_check_result(
                tcx,
                ty::WithOptConstParam { did, const_param_did: Some(param_did) },
            )
        },
        ..*providers
    };
}

/// Context information for [`UnusedUnsafeVisitor`] traversal,
/// saves (innermost) relevant context
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
enum Context {
    Safe,
    /// in an `unsafe fn`
    UnsafeFn(HirId),
    /// in a *used* `unsafe` block
    /// (i.e. a block without unused-unsafe warning)
    UnsafeBlock(HirId),
}

struct UnusedUnsafeVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    used_unsafe_blocks: &'a FxHashMap<HirId, UsedUnsafeBlockData>,
    context: Context,
    unused_unsafes: &'a mut Vec<(HirId, UnusedUnsafe)>,
}

impl<'tcx> intravisit::Visitor<'tcx> for UnusedUnsafeVisitor<'_, 'tcx> {
    fn visit_block(&mut self, block: &'tcx hir::Block<'tcx>) {
        use UsedUnsafeBlockData::{AllAllowedInUnsafeFn, SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn};

        if let hir::BlockCheckMode::UnsafeBlock(hir::UnsafeSource::UserProvided) = block.rules {
            let used = match self.tcx.lint_level_at_node(UNUSED_UNSAFE, block.hir_id) {
                (Level::Allow, _) => Some(SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn),
                _ => self.used_unsafe_blocks.get(&block.hir_id).copied(),
            };
            let unused_unsafe = match (self.context, used) {
                (_, None) => UnusedUnsafe::Unused,
                (Context::Safe, Some(_))
                | (Context::UnsafeFn(_), Some(SomeDisallowedInUnsafeFn)) => {
                    let previous_context = self.context;
                    self.context = Context::UnsafeBlock(block.hir_id);
                    intravisit::walk_block(self, block);
                    self.context = previous_context;
                    return;
                }
                (Context::UnsafeFn(hir_id), Some(AllAllowedInUnsafeFn(lint_root))) => {
                    UnusedUnsafe::InUnsafeFn(hir_id, lint_root)
                }
                (Context::UnsafeBlock(hir_id), Some(_)) => UnusedUnsafe::InUnsafeBlock(hir_id),
            };
            self.unused_unsafes.push((block.hir_id, unused_unsafe));
        }
        intravisit::walk_block(self, block);
    }

    fn visit_fn(
        &mut self,
        fk: intravisit::FnKind<'tcx>,
        _fd: &'tcx hir::FnDecl<'tcx>,
        b: hir::BodyId,
        _s: rustc_span::Span,
        _id: HirId,
    ) {
        if matches!(fk, intravisit::FnKind::Closure) {
            self.visit_body(self.tcx.hir().body(b))
        }
    }
}

fn check_unused_unsafe(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
    def_id: LocalDefId,
    used_unsafe_blocks: &FxHashMap<HirId, UsedUnsafeBlockData>,
) -> Vec<(HirId, UnusedUnsafe)> {
    let hir_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id);
    let body_id = tcx.hir().maybe_body_owned_by(hir_id);

    let Some(body_id) = body_id else {
        debug!("check_unused_unsafe({:?}) - no body found", def_id);
        return vec![];
    };
    let body = tcx.hir().body(body_id);

    let context = match tcx.hir().fn_sig_by_hir_id(hir_id) {
        Some(sig) if sig.header.unsafety == hir::Unsafety::Unsafe => Context::UnsafeFn(hir_id),
        _ => Context::Safe,
    };

    debug!(
        "check_unused_unsafe({:?}, context={:?}, body={:?}, used_unsafe_blocks={:?})",
        def_id, body, context, used_unsafe_blocks
    );

    let mut unused_unsafes = vec![];

    let mut visitor = UnusedUnsafeVisitor {
        tcx,
        used_unsafe_blocks,
        context,
        unused_unsafes: &mut unused_unsafes,
    };
    intravisit::Visitor::visit_body(&mut visitor, body);

    unused_unsafes
}

fn unsafety_check_result<'tcx>(
    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    def: ty::WithOptConstParam<LocalDefId>,
) -> &'tcx UnsafetyCheckResult {
    debug!("unsafety_violations({:?})", def);

    // N.B., this borrow is valid because all the consumers of
    // `mir_built` force this.
    let body = &tcx.mir_built(def).borrow();

    let param_env = tcx.param_env(def.did);

    let mut checker = UnsafetyChecker::new(body, def.did, tcx, param_env);
    checker.visit_body(&body);

    let unused_unsafes = (!tcx.is_closure(def.did.to_def_id()))
        .then(|| check_unused_unsafe(tcx, def.did, &checker.used_unsafe_blocks));

    tcx.arena.alloc(UnsafetyCheckResult {
        violations: checker.violations,
        used_unsafe_blocks: checker.used_unsafe_blocks,
        unused_unsafes,
    })
}

fn report_unused_unsafe(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, kind: UnusedUnsafe, id: HirId) {
    let span = tcx.sess.source_map().guess_head_span(tcx.hir().span(id));
    tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(UNUSED_UNSAFE, id, span, |lint| {
        let msg = "unnecessary `unsafe` block";
        let mut db = lint.build(msg);
        db.span_label(span, msg);
        match kind {
            UnusedUnsafe::Unused => {}
            UnusedUnsafe::InUnsafeBlock(id) => {
                db.span_label(
                    tcx.sess.source_map().guess_head_span(tcx.hir().span(id)),
                    "because it's nested under this `unsafe` block",
                );
            }
            UnusedUnsafe::InUnsafeFn(id, usage_lint_root) => {
                db.span_label(
                    tcx.sess.source_map().guess_head_span(tcx.hir().span(id)),
                    "because it's nested under this `unsafe` fn",
                )
                .note(
                    "this `unsafe` block does contain unsafe operations, \
                    but those are already allowed in an `unsafe fn`",
                );
                let (level, source) =
                    tcx.lint_level_at_node(UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN, usage_lint_root);
                assert_eq!(level, Level::Allow);
                lint::explain_lint_level_source(
                    UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN,
                    Level::Allow,
                    source,
                    &mut db,
                );
            }
        }

        db.emit();
    });
}

pub fn check_unsafety(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: LocalDefId) {
    debug!("check_unsafety({:?})", def_id);

    // closures are handled by their parent fn.
    if tcx.is_closure(def_id.to_def_id()) {
        return;
    }

    let UnsafetyCheckResult { violations, unused_unsafes, .. } = tcx.unsafety_check_result(def_id);

    for &UnsafetyViolation { source_info, lint_root, kind, details } in violations.iter() {
        let (description, note) = details.description_and_note();

        // Report an error.
        let unsafe_fn_msg =
            if unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn_allowed(tcx, lint_root) { " function or" } else { "" };

        match kind {
            UnsafetyViolationKind::General => {
                // once
                struct_span_err!(
                    tcx.sess,
                    source_info.span,
                    E0133,
                    "{} is unsafe and requires unsafe{} block",
                    description,
                    unsafe_fn_msg,
                )
                .span_label(source_info.span, description)
                .note(note)
                .emit();
            }
            UnsafetyViolationKind::UnsafeFn => tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(
                UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN,
                lint_root,
                source_info.span,
                |lint| {
                    lint.build(&format!(
                        "{} is unsafe and requires unsafe block (error E0133)",
                        description,
                    ))
                    .span_label(source_info.span, description)
                    .note(note)
                    .emit();
                },
            ),
        }
    }

    for &(block_id, kind) in unused_unsafes.as_ref().unwrap() {
        report_unused_unsafe(tcx, kind, block_id);
    }
}

fn unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn_allowed(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, id: HirId) -> bool {
    tcx.lint_level_at_node(UNSAFE_OP_IN_UNSAFE_FN, id).0 == Level::Allow
}