rust/src/libstd/num/int-template.rs

// Copyright 2012 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

use T = self::inst::T;

use num::{ToStrRadix, FromStrRadix};
use num::{Zero, One, strconv};
use prelude::*;

pub use cmp::{min, max};

pub static bits : uint = inst::bits;
pub static bytes : uint = (inst::bits / 8);

pub static min_value: T = (-1 as T) << (bits - 1);
pub static max_value: T = min_value - 1 as T;

#[inline(always)]
pub fn add(x: T, y: T) -> T { x + y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn sub(x: T, y: T) -> T { x - y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn mul(x: T, y: T) -> T { x * y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn div(x: T, y: T) -> T { x / y }

///
/// Returns the remainder of y / x.
///
/// # Examples
/// ~~~
/// assert!(int::rem(5 / 2) == 1);
/// ~~~
///
/// When faced with negative numbers, the result copies the sign of the
/// dividend.
///
/// ~~~
/// assert!(int::rem(2 / -3) ==  2);
/// ~~~
///
/// ~~~
/// assert!(int::rem(-2 / 3) ==  -2);
/// ~~~
///
///
#[inline(always)]
pub fn rem(x: T, y: T) -> T { x % y }

#[inline(always)]
pub fn lt(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x < y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn le(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x <= y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn eq(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x == y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn ne(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x != y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn ge(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x >= y }
#[inline(always)]
pub fn gt(x: T, y: T) -> bool { x > y }

///
/// Iterate over the range [`lo`..`hi`)
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `lo` - lower bound, inclusive
/// * `hi` - higher bound, exclusive
///
/// # Examples
/// ~~~
/// let mut sum = 0;
/// for int::range(1, 5) |i| {
///     sum += i;
/// }
/// assert!(sum == 10);
/// ~~~
///
#[inline(always)]
/// Iterate over the range [`start`,`start`+`step`..`stop`)
pub fn _range_step(start: T, stop: T, step: T, it: &fn(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    let mut i = start;
    if step == 0 {
        fail!("range_step called with step == 0");
    } else if step > 0 { // ascending
        while i < stop {
            if !it(i) { return false; }
            // avoiding overflow. break if i + step > max_value
            if i > max_value - step { return true; }
            i += step;
        }
    } else { // descending
        while i > stop {
            if !it(i) { return false; }
            // avoiding underflow. break if i + step < min_value
            if i < min_value - step { return true; }
            i += step;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

pub fn range_step(start: T, stop: T, step: T, it: &fn(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    _range_step(start, stop, step, it)
}

#[inline(always)]
/// Iterate over the range [`lo`..`hi`)
pub fn range(lo: T, hi: T, it: &fn(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    range_step(lo, hi, 1 as T, it)
}

#[inline(always)]
/// Iterate over the range [`hi`..`lo`)
pub fn range_rev(hi: T, lo: T, it: &fn(T) -> bool) -> bool {
    range_step(hi, lo, -1 as T, it)
}

/// Computes the bitwise complement
#[inline(always)]
pub fn compl(i: T) -> T {
    -1 as T ^ i
}

/// Computes the absolute value
#[inline(always)]
pub fn abs(i: T) -> T { i.abs() }

impl Num for T {}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Ord for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn lt(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) < (*other); }
    #[inline(always)]
    fn le(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) <= (*other); }
    #[inline(always)]
    fn ge(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) >= (*other); }
    #[inline(always)]
    fn gt(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) > (*other); }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Eq for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) == (*other); }
    #[inline(always)]
    fn ne(&self, other: &T) -> bool { return (*self) != (*other); }
}

impl Orderable for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn min(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        if *self < *other { *self } else { *other }
    }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn max(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        if *self > *other { *self } else { *other }
    }

    /// Returns the number constrained within the range `mn <= self <= mx`.
    #[inline(always)]
    fn clamp(&self, mn: &T, mx: &T) -> T {
        cond!(
            (*self > *mx) { *mx   }
            (*self < *mn) { *mn   }
            _             { *self }
        )
    }
}

impl Zero for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn zero() -> T { 0 }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_zero(&self) -> bool { *self == 0 }
}

impl One for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn one() -> T { 1 }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Add<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn add(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self + *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Sub<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn sub(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self - *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Mul<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn mul(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self * *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Div<T,T> for T {
    ///
    /// Integer division, truncated towards 0. As this behaviour reflects the underlying
    /// machine implementation it is more efficient than `Integer::div_floor`.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!( 8 /  3 ==  2);
    /// assert!( 8 / -3 == -2);
    /// assert!(-8 /  3 == -2);
    /// assert!(-8 / -3 ==  2);

    /// assert!( 1 /  2 ==  0);
    /// assert!( 1 / -2 ==  0);
    /// assert!(-1 /  2 ==  0);
    /// assert!(-1 / -2 ==  0);
    /// ~~~
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn div(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self / *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Rem<T,T> for T {
    ///
    /// Returns the integer remainder after division, satisfying:
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!((n / d) * d + (n % d) == n)
    /// ~~~
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!( 8 %  3 ==  2);
    /// assert!( 8 % -3 ==  2);
    /// assert!(-8 %  3 == -2);
    /// assert!(-8 % -3 == -2);

    /// assert!( 1 %  2 ==  1);
    /// assert!( 1 % -2 ==  1);
    /// assert!(-1 %  2 == -1);
    /// assert!(-1 % -2 == -1);
    /// ~~~
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn rem(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self % *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Neg<T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn neg(&self) -> T { -*self }
}

impl Signed for T {
    /// Computes the absolute value
    #[inline(always)]
    fn abs(&self) -> T {
        if self.is_negative() { -*self } else { *self }
    }

    ///
    /// The positive difference of two numbers. Returns `0` if the number is less than or
    /// equal to `other`, otherwise the difference between`self` and `other` is returned.
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn abs_sub(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        if *self <= *other { 0 } else { *self - *other }
    }

    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// - `0` if the number is zero
    /// - `1` if the number is positive
    /// - `-1` if the number is negative
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn signum(&self) -> T {
        match *self {
            n if n > 0 =>  1,
            0          =>  0,
            _          => -1,
        }
    }

    /// Returns true if the number is positive
    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_positive(&self) -> bool { *self > 0 }

    /// Returns true if the number is negative
    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_negative(&self) -> bool { *self < 0 }
}

impl Integer for T {
    ///
    /// Floored integer division
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!(( 8).div_floor( 3) ==  2);
    /// assert!(( 8).div_floor(-3) == -3);
    /// assert!((-8).div_floor( 3) == -3);
    /// assert!((-8).div_floor(-3) ==  2);
    ///
    /// assert!(( 1).div_floor( 2) ==  0);
    /// assert!(( 1).div_floor(-2) == -1);
    /// assert!((-1).div_floor( 2) == -1);
    /// assert!((-1).div_floor(-2) ==  0);
    /// ~~~
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn div_floor(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
        // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
        match self.div_rem(other) {
            (d, r) if (r > 0 && *other < 0)
                   || (r < 0 && *other > 0) => d - 1,
            (d, _)                          => d,
        }
    }

    ///
    /// Integer modulo, satisfying:
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!(n.div_floor(d) * d + n.mod_floor(d) == n)
    /// ~~~
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ~~~
    /// assert!(( 8).mod_floor( 3) ==  2);
    /// assert!(( 8).mod_floor(-3) == -1);
    /// assert!((-8).mod_floor( 3) ==  1);
    /// assert!((-8).mod_floor(-3) == -2);
    ///
    /// assert!(( 1).mod_floor( 2) ==  1);
    /// assert!(( 1).mod_floor(-2) == -1);
    /// assert!((-1).mod_floor( 2) ==  1);
    /// assert!((-1).mod_floor(-2) == -1);
    /// ~~~
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn mod_floor(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
        // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
        match *self % *other {
            r if (r > 0 && *other < 0)
              || (r < 0 && *other > 0) => r + *other,
            r                          => r,
        }
    }

    /// Calculates `div_floor` and `mod_floor` simultaneously
    #[inline(always)]
    fn div_mod_floor(&self, other: &T) -> (T,T) {
        // Algorithm from [Daan Leijen. _Division and Modulus for Computer Scientists_,
        // December 2001](http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/151917/divmodnote-letter.pdf)
        match self.div_rem(other) {
            (d, r) if (r > 0 && *other < 0)
                   || (r < 0 && *other > 0) => (d - 1, r + *other),
            (d, r)                          => (d, r),
        }
    }

    /// Calculates `div` (`\`) and `rem` (`%`) simultaneously
    #[inline(always)]
    fn div_rem(&self, other: &T) -> (T,T) {
        (*self / *other, *self % *other)
    }

    ///
    /// Calculates the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the number and `other`
    ///
    /// The result is always positive
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn gcd(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        // Use Euclid's algorithm
        let mut m = *self, n = *other;
        while m != 0 {
            let temp = m;
            m = n % temp;
            n = temp;
        }
        n.abs()
    }

    ///
    /// Calculates the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of the number and `other`
    ///
    #[inline(always)]
    fn lcm(&self, other: &T) -> T {
        ((*self * *other) / self.gcd(other)).abs() // should not have to recaluculate abs
    }

    /// Returns `true` if the number can be divided by `other` without leaving a remainder
    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_multiple_of(&self, other: &T) -> bool { *self % *other == 0 }

    /// Returns `true` if the number is divisible by `2`
    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_even(&self) -> bool { self.is_multiple_of(&2) }

    /// Returns `true` if the number is not divisible by `2`
    #[inline(always)]
    fn is_odd(&self) -> bool { !self.is_even() }
}

impl Bitwise for T {}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl BitOr<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn bitor(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self | *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl BitAnd<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn bitand(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self & *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl BitXor<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn bitxor(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self ^ *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Shl<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn shl(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self << *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Shr<T,T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn shr(&self, other: &T) -> T { *self >> *other }
}

#[cfg(not(test))]
impl Not<T> for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn not(&self) -> T { !*self }
}

impl Bounded for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn min_value() -> T { min_value }

    #[inline(always)]
    fn max_value() -> T { max_value }
}

impl Int for T {}

// String conversion functions and impl str -> num

/// Parse a string as a number in base 10.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Option<T> {
    strconv::from_str_common(s, 10u, true, false, false,
                         strconv::ExpNone, false, false)
}

/// Parse a string as a number in the given base.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn from_str_radix(s: &str, radix: uint) -> Option<T> {
    strconv::from_str_common(s, radix, true, false, false,
                         strconv::ExpNone, false, false)
}

/// Parse a byte slice as a number in the given base.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn parse_bytes(buf: &[u8], radix: uint) -> Option<T> {
    strconv::from_str_bytes_common(buf, radix, true, false, false,
                               strconv::ExpNone, false, false)
}

impl FromStr for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Option<T> {
        from_str(s)
    }
}

impl FromStrRadix for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn from_str_radix(s: &str, radix: uint) -> Option<T> {
        from_str_radix(s, radix)
    }
}

// String conversion functions and impl num -> str

/// Convert to a string as a byte slice in a given base.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_str_bytes<U>(n: T, radix: uint, f: &fn(v: &[u8]) -> U) -> U {
    let (buf, _) = strconv::to_str_bytes_common(&n, radix, false,
                            strconv::SignNeg, strconv::DigAll);
    f(buf)
}

/// Convert to a string in base 10.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_str(num: T) -> ~str {
    let (buf, _) = strconv::to_str_common(&num, 10u, false,
                                      strconv::SignNeg, strconv::DigAll);
    buf
}

/// Convert to a string in a given base.
#[inline(always)]
pub fn to_str_radix(num: T, radix: uint) -> ~str {
    let (buf, _) = strconv::to_str_common(&num, radix, false,
                                      strconv::SignNeg, strconv::DigAll);
    buf
}

impl ToStr for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn to_str(&self) -> ~str {
        to_str(*self)
    }
}

impl ToStrRadix for T {
    #[inline(always)]
    fn to_str_radix(&self, radix: uint) -> ~str {
        to_str_radix(*self, radix)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use super::inst::T;
    use prelude::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_num() {
        num::test_num(10 as T, 2 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_orderable() {
        assert_eq!((1 as T).min(&(2 as T)), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((2 as T).min(&(1 as T)), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).max(&(2 as T)), 2 as T);
        assert_eq!((2 as T).max(&(1 as T)), 2 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).clamp(&(2 as T), &(4 as T)), 2 as T);
        assert_eq!((8 as T).clamp(&(2 as T), &(4 as T)), 4 as T);
        assert_eq!((3 as T).clamp(&(2 as T), &(4 as T)), 3 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    pub fn test_abs() {
        assert_eq!((1 as T).abs(), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).abs(), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).abs(), 1 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_abs_sub() {
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).abs_sub(&(1 as T)), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).abs_sub(&(1 as T)), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).abs_sub(&(0 as T)), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).abs_sub(&(-1 as T)), 2 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_signum() {
        assert_eq!((1 as T).signum(), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).signum(), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((-0 as T).signum(), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).signum(), -1 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_positive() {
        assert!((1 as T).is_positive());
        assert!(!(0 as T).is_positive());
        assert!(!(-0 as T).is_positive());
        assert!(!(-1 as T).is_positive());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_is_negative() {
        assert!(!(1 as T).is_negative());
        assert!(!(0 as T).is_negative());
        assert!(!(-0 as T).is_negative());
        assert!((-1 as T).is_negative());
    }

    ///
    /// Checks that the division rule holds for:
    ///
    /// - `n`: numerator (dividend)
    /// - `d`: denominator (divisor)
    /// - `qr`: quotient and remainder
    ///
    #[cfg(test)]
    fn test_division_rule((n,d): (T,T), (q,r): (T,T)) {
        assert_eq!(d * q + r, n);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_div_rem() {
        fn test_nd_dr(nd: (T,T), qr: (T,T)) {
            let (n,d) = nd;
            let separate_div_rem = (n / d, n % d);
            let combined_div_rem = n.div_rem(&d);

            assert_eq!(separate_div_rem, qr);
            assert_eq!(combined_div_rem, qr);

            test_division_rule(nd, separate_div_rem);
            test_division_rule(nd, combined_div_rem);
        }

        test_nd_dr(( 8,  3), ( 2,  2));
        test_nd_dr(( 8, -3), (-2,  2));
        test_nd_dr((-8,  3), (-2, -2));
        test_nd_dr((-8, -3), ( 2, -2));

        test_nd_dr(( 1,  2), ( 0,  1));
        test_nd_dr(( 1, -2), ( 0,  1));
        test_nd_dr((-1,  2), ( 0, -1));
        test_nd_dr((-1, -2), ( 0, -1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_div_mod_floor() {
        fn test_nd_dm(nd: (T,T), dm: (T,T)) {
            let (n,d) = nd;
            let separate_div_mod_floor = (n.div_floor(&d), n.mod_floor(&d));
            let combined_div_mod_floor = n.div_mod_floor(&d);

            assert_eq!(separate_div_mod_floor, dm);
            assert_eq!(combined_div_mod_floor, dm);

            test_division_rule(nd, separate_div_mod_floor);
            test_division_rule(nd, combined_div_mod_floor);
        }

        test_nd_dm(( 8,  3), ( 2,  2));
        test_nd_dm(( 8, -3), (-3, -1));
        test_nd_dm((-8,  3), (-3,  1));
        test_nd_dm((-8, -3), ( 2, -2));

        test_nd_dm(( 1,  2), ( 0,  1));
        test_nd_dm(( 1, -2), (-1, -1));
        test_nd_dm((-1,  2), (-1,  1));
        test_nd_dm((-1, -2), ( 0, -1));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gcd() {
        assert_eq!((10 as T).gcd(&2), 2 as T);
        assert_eq!((10 as T).gcd(&3), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).gcd(&3), 3 as T);
        assert_eq!((3 as T).gcd(&3), 3 as T);
        assert_eq!((56 as T).gcd(&42), 14 as T);
        assert_eq!((3 as T).gcd(&-3), 3 as T);
        assert_eq!((-6 as T).gcd(&3), 3 as T);
        assert_eq!((-4 as T).gcd(&-2), 2 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lcm() {
        assert_eq!((1 as T).lcm(&0), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).lcm(&1), 0 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).lcm(&1), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).lcm(&1), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).lcm(&-1), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).lcm(&-1), 1 as T);
        assert_eq!((8 as T).lcm(&9), 72 as T);
        assert_eq!((11 as T).lcm(&5), 55 as T);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitwise() {
        assert_eq!(0b1110 as T, (0b1100 as T).bitor(&(0b1010 as T)));
        assert_eq!(0b1000 as T, (0b1100 as T).bitand(&(0b1010 as T)));
        assert_eq!(0b0110 as T, (0b1100 as T).bitxor(&(0b1010 as T)));
        assert_eq!(0b1110 as T, (0b0111 as T).shl(&(1 as T)));
        assert_eq!(0b0111 as T, (0b1110 as T).shr(&(1 as T)));
        assert_eq!(-(0b11 as T) - (1 as T), (0b11 as T).not());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_multiple_of() {
        assert!((6 as T).is_multiple_of(&(6 as T)));
        assert!((6 as T).is_multiple_of(&(3 as T)));
        assert!((6 as T).is_multiple_of(&(1 as T)));
        assert!((-8 as T).is_multiple_of(&(4 as T)));
        assert!((8 as T).is_multiple_of(&(-1 as T)));
        assert!((-8 as T).is_multiple_of(&(-2 as T)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_even() {
        assert_eq!((-4 as T).is_even(), true);
        assert_eq!((-3 as T).is_even(), false);
        assert_eq!((-2 as T).is_even(), true);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).is_even(), false);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).is_even(), true);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).is_even(), false);
        assert_eq!((2 as T).is_even(), true);
        assert_eq!((3 as T).is_even(), false);
        assert_eq!((4 as T).is_even(), true);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_odd() {
        assert_eq!((-4 as T).is_odd(), false);
        assert_eq!((-3 as T).is_odd(), true);
        assert_eq!((-2 as T).is_odd(), false);
        assert_eq!((-1 as T).is_odd(), true);
        assert_eq!((0 as T).is_odd(), false);
        assert_eq!((1 as T).is_odd(), true);
        assert_eq!((2 as T).is_odd(), false);
        assert_eq!((3 as T).is_odd(), true);
        assert_eq!((4 as T).is_odd(), false);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_bitcount() {
        assert_eq!((0b010101 as T).population_count(), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_primitive() {
        assert_eq!(Primitive::bits::<T>(), sys::size_of::<T>() * 8);
        assert_eq!(Primitive::bytes::<T>(), sys::size_of::<T>());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_from_str() {
        assert_eq!(from_str("0"), Some(0 as T));
        assert_eq!(from_str("3"), Some(3 as T));
        assert_eq!(from_str("10"), Some(10 as T));
        assert_eq!(i32::from_str("123456789"), Some(123456789 as i32));
        assert_eq!(from_str("00100"), Some(100 as T));

        assert_eq!(from_str("-1"), Some(-1 as T));
        assert_eq!(from_str("-3"), Some(-3 as T));
        assert_eq!(from_str("-10"), Some(-10 as T));
        assert_eq!(i32::from_str("-123456789"), Some(-123456789 as i32));
        assert_eq!(from_str("-00100"), Some(-100 as T));

        assert!(from_str(" ").is_none());
        assert!(from_str("x").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parse_bytes() {
        use str::to_bytes;
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("123"), 10u), Some(123 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("1001"), 2u), Some(9 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("123"), 8u), Some(83 as T));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("123"), 16u), Some(291 as i32));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("ffff"), 16u), Some(65535 as i32));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("FFFF"), 16u), Some(65535 as i32));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("z"), 36u), Some(35 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("Z"), 36u), Some(35 as T));

        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-123"), 10u), Some(-123 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-1001"), 2u), Some(-9 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-123"), 8u), Some(-83 as T));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("-123"), 16u), Some(-291 as i32));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("-ffff"), 16u), Some(-65535 as i32));
        assert_eq!(i32::parse_bytes(to_bytes("-FFFF"), 16u), Some(-65535 as i32));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-z"), 36u), Some(-35 as T));
        assert_eq!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-Z"), 36u), Some(-35 as T));

        assert!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("Z"), 35u).is_none());
        assert!(parse_bytes(to_bytes("-9"), 2u).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_to_str() {
        assert_eq!(to_str_radix(0 as T, 10u), ~"0");
        assert_eq!(to_str_radix(1 as T, 10u), ~"1");
        assert_eq!(to_str_radix(-1 as T, 10u), ~"-1");
        assert_eq!(to_str_radix(127 as T, 16u), ~"7f");
        assert_eq!(to_str_radix(100 as T, 10u), ~"100");

    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int_to_str_overflow() {
        let mut i8_val: i8 = 127_i8;
        assert_eq!(i8::to_str(i8_val), ~"127");

        i8_val += 1 as i8;
        assert_eq!(i8::to_str(i8_val), ~"-128");

        let mut i16_val: i16 = 32_767_i16;
        assert_eq!(i16::to_str(i16_val), ~"32767");

        i16_val += 1 as i16;
        assert_eq!(i16::to_str(i16_val), ~"-32768");

        let mut i32_val: i32 = 2_147_483_647_i32;
        assert_eq!(i32::to_str(i32_val), ~"2147483647");

        i32_val += 1 as i32;
        assert_eq!(i32::to_str(i32_val), ~"-2147483648");

        let mut i64_val: i64 = 9_223_372_036_854_775_807_i64;
        assert_eq!(i64::to_str(i64_val), ~"9223372036854775807");

        i64_val += 1 as i64;
        assert_eq!(i64::to_str(i64_val), ~"-9223372036854775808");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int_from_str_overflow() {
        let mut i8_val: i8 = 127_i8;
        assert_eq!(i8::from_str("127"), Some(i8_val));
        assert!(i8::from_str("128").is_none());

        i8_val += 1 as i8;
        assert_eq!(i8::from_str("-128"), Some(i8_val));
        assert!(i8::from_str("-129").is_none());

        let mut i16_val: i16 = 32_767_i16;
        assert_eq!(i16::from_str("32767"), Some(i16_val));
        assert!(i16::from_str("32768").is_none());

        i16_val += 1 as i16;
        assert_eq!(i16::from_str("-32768"), Some(i16_val));
        assert!(i16::from_str("-32769").is_none());

        let mut i32_val: i32 = 2_147_483_647_i32;
        assert_eq!(i32::from_str("2147483647"), Some(i32_val));
        assert!(i32::from_str("2147483648").is_none());

        i32_val += 1 as i32;
        assert_eq!(i32::from_str("-2147483648"), Some(i32_val));
        assert!(i32::from_str("-2147483649").is_none());

        let mut i64_val: i64 = 9_223_372_036_854_775_807_i64;
        assert_eq!(i64::from_str("9223372036854775807"), Some(i64_val));
        assert!(i64::from_str("9223372036854775808").is_none());

        i64_val += 1 as i64;
        assert_eq!(i64::from_str("-9223372036854775808"), Some(i64_val));
        assert!(i64::from_str("-9223372036854775809").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_ranges() {
        let mut l = ~[];

        for range(0,3) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_rev(13,10) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(20,26,2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(36,30,-2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(max_value - 2, max_value, 2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(max_value - 3, max_value, 2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(min_value + 2, min_value, -2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        for range_step(min_value + 3, min_value, -2) |i| {
            l.push(i);
        }
        assert_eq!(l, ~[0,1,2,
                        13,12,11,
                        20,22,24,
                        36,34,32,
                        max_value-2,
                        max_value-3,max_value-1,
                        min_value+2,
                        min_value+3,min_value+1]);

        // None of the `fail`s should execute.
        for range(10,0) |_i| {
            fail!("unreachable");
        }
        for range_rev(0,10) |_i| {
            fail!("unreachable");
        }
        for range_step(10,0,1) |_i| {
            fail!("unreachable");
        }
        for range_step(0,10,-1) |_i| {
            fail!("unreachable");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_fail]
    #[ignore(cfg(windows))]
    fn test_range_step_zero_step() {
        for range_step(0,10,0) |_i| {}
    }
}