rust/src/libsyntax/ast.rs

// Copyright 2012-2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at
// http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

// The Rust abstract syntax tree.

pub use self::AsmDialect::*;
pub use self::AttrStyle::*;
pub use self::BindingMode::*;
pub use self::BinOp_::*;
pub use self::BlockCheckMode::*;
pub use self::CaptureClause::*;
pub use self::Decl_::*;
pub use self::ExplicitSelf_::*;
pub use self::Expr_::*;
pub use self::FloatTy::*;
pub use self::FunctionRetTy::*;
pub use self::ForeignItem_::*;
pub use self::ImplItem_::*;
pub use self::InlinedItem::*;
pub use self::IntTy::*;
pub use self::Item_::*;
pub use self::KleeneOp::*;
pub use self::Lit_::*;
pub use self::LitIntType::*;
pub use self::Mac_::*;
pub use self::MacStmtStyle::*;
pub use self::MetaItem_::*;
pub use self::Mutability::*;
pub use self::Pat_::*;
pub use self::PathListItem_::*;
pub use self::PatWildKind::*;
pub use self::PrimTy::*;
pub use self::Sign::*;
pub use self::Stmt_::*;
pub use self::StrStyle::*;
pub use self::StructFieldKind::*;
pub use self::TokenTree::*;
pub use self::TraitItem_::*;
pub use self::Ty_::*;
pub use self::TyParamBound::*;
pub use self::UintTy::*;
pub use self::UnOp::*;
pub use self::UnsafeSource::*;
pub use self::VariantKind::*;
pub use self::ViewPath_::*;
pub use self::Visibility::*;
pub use self::PathParameters::*;

use codemap::{Span, Spanned, DUMMY_SP, ExpnId};
use abi::Abi;
use ast_util;
use ext::base;
use ext::tt::macro_parser;
use owned_slice::OwnedSlice;
use parse::token::{InternedString, str_to_ident};
use parse::token;
use parse::lexer;
use parse::lexer::comments::{doc_comment_style, strip_doc_comment_decoration};
use print::pprust;
use ptr::P;

use std::cell::Cell;
use std::fmt;
use std::rc::Rc;
use serialize::{Encodable, Decodable, Encoder, Decoder};

// FIXME #6993: in librustc, uses of "ident" should be replaced
// by just "Name".

/// An identifier contains a Name (index into the interner
/// table) and a SyntaxContext to track renaming and
/// macro expansion per Flatt et al., "Macros
/// That Work Together"
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Hash, PartialOrd, Eq, Ord)]
pub struct Ident {
    pub name: Name,
    pub ctxt: SyntaxContext
}

impl Ident {
    /// Construct an identifier with the given name and an empty context:
    pub fn new(name: Name) -> Ident { Ident {name: name, ctxt: EMPTY_CTXT}}
}

impl fmt::Debug for Ident {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}#{}", self.name, self.ctxt)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Ident {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.name, f)
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Name {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        let Name(nm) = *self;
        write!(f, "{}({})", self, nm)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Name {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.as_str(), f)
    }
}

impl PartialEq for Ident {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Ident) -> bool {
        if self.ctxt == other.ctxt {
            self.name == other.name
        } else {
            // IF YOU SEE ONE OF THESE FAILS: it means that you're comparing
            // idents that have different contexts. You can't fix this without
            // knowing whether the comparison should be hygienic or non-hygienic.
            // if it should be non-hygienic (most things are), just compare the
            // 'name' fields of the idents. Or, even better, replace the idents
            // with Name's.
            //
            // On the other hand, if the comparison does need to be hygienic,
            // one example and its non-hygienic counterpart would be:
            //      syntax::parse::token::Token::mtwt_eq
            //      syntax::ext::tt::macro_parser::token_name_eq
            panic!("not allowed to compare these idents: {:?}, {:?}. \
                   Probably related to issue \\#6993", self, other);
        }
    }
}

/// A SyntaxContext represents a chain of macro-expandings
/// and renamings. Each macro expansion corresponds to
/// a fresh u32

// I'm representing this syntax context as an index into
// a table, in order to work around a compiler bug
// that's causing unreleased memory to cause core dumps
// and also perhaps to save some work in destructor checks.
// the special uint '0' will be used to indicate an empty
// syntax context.

// this uint is a reference to a table stored in thread-local
// storage.
pub type SyntaxContext = u32;
pub const EMPTY_CTXT : SyntaxContext = 0;
pub const ILLEGAL_CTXT : SyntaxContext = 1;

/// A name is a part of an identifier, representing a string or gensym. It's
/// the result of interning.
#[derive(Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Hash,
           RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct Name(pub u32);

impl<T: AsRef<str>> PartialEq<T> for Name {
    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool {
        self.as_str() == other.as_ref()
    }
}

impl Name {
    pub fn as_str(&self) -> token::InternedString {
        token::InternedString::new_from_name(*self)
    }

    pub fn usize(&self) -> usize {
        let Name(nm) = *self;
        nm as usize
    }

    pub fn ident(&self) -> Ident {
        Ident { name: *self, ctxt: 0 }
    }
}

/// A mark represents a unique id associated with a macro expansion
pub type Mrk = u32;

impl Encodable for Ident {
    fn encode<S: Encoder>(&self, s: &mut S) -> Result<(), S::Error> {
        s.emit_str(&self.name.as_str())
    }
}

impl Decodable for Ident {
    fn decode<D: Decoder>(d: &mut D) -> Result<Ident, D::Error> {
        Ok(str_to_ident(&try!(d.read_str())[..]))
    }
}

/// Function name (not all functions have names)
pub type FnIdent = Option<Ident>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Copy)]
pub struct Lifetime {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub span: Span,
    pub name: Name
}

impl fmt::Debug for Lifetime {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "lifetime({}: {})", self.id, pprust::lifetime_to_string(self))
    }
}

/// A lifetime definition, eg `'a: 'b+'c+'d`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct LifetimeDef {
    pub lifetime: Lifetime,
    pub bounds: Vec<Lifetime>
}

/// A "Path" is essentially Rust's notion of a name; for instance:
/// std::cmp::PartialEq  .  It's represented as a sequence of identifiers,
/// along with a bunch of supporting information.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash)]
pub struct Path {
    pub span: Span,
    /// A `::foo` path, is relative to the crate root rather than current
    /// module (like paths in an import).
    pub global: bool,
    /// The segments in the path: the things separated by `::`.
    pub segments: Vec<PathSegment>,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Path {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "path({})", pprust::path_to_string(self))
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Path {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", pprust::path_to_string(self))
    }
}

/// A segment of a path: an identifier, an optional lifetime, and a set of
/// types.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct PathSegment {
    /// The identifier portion of this path segment.
    pub identifier: Ident,

    /// Type/lifetime parameters attached to this path. They come in
    /// two flavors: `Path<A,B,C>` and `Path(A,B) -> C`. Note that
    /// this is more than just simple syntactic sugar; the use of
    /// parens affects the region binding rules, so we preserve the
    /// distinction.
    pub parameters: PathParameters,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum PathParameters {
    /// The `<'a, A,B,C>` in `foo::bar::baz::<'a, A,B,C>`
    AngleBracketedParameters(AngleBracketedParameterData),
    /// The `(A,B)` and `C` in `Foo(A,B) -> C`
    ParenthesizedParameters(ParenthesizedParameterData),
}

impl PathParameters {
    pub fn none() -> PathParameters {
        AngleBracketedParameters(AngleBracketedParameterData {
            lifetimes: Vec::new(),
            types: OwnedSlice::empty(),
            bindings: OwnedSlice::empty(),
        })
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => data.is_empty(),

            // Even if the user supplied no types, something like
            // `X()` is equivalent to `X<(),()>`.
            ParenthesizedParameters(..) => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn has_lifetimes(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => !data.lifetimes.is_empty(),
            ParenthesizedParameters(_) => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn has_types(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => !data.types.is_empty(),
            ParenthesizedParameters(..) => true,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the types that the user wrote. Note that these do not necessarily map to the type
    /// parameters in the parenthesized case.
    pub fn types(&self) -> Vec<&P<Ty>> {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => {
                data.types.iter().collect()
            }
            ParenthesizedParameters(ref data) => {
                data.inputs.iter()
                    .chain(data.output.iter())
                    .collect()
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn lifetimes(&self) -> Vec<&Lifetime> {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => {
                data.lifetimes.iter().collect()
            }
            ParenthesizedParameters(_) => {
                Vec::new()
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn bindings(&self) -> Vec<&P<TypeBinding>> {
        match *self {
            AngleBracketedParameters(ref data) => {
                data.bindings.iter().collect()
            }
            ParenthesizedParameters(_) => {
                Vec::new()
            }
        }
    }
}

/// A path like `Foo<'a, T>`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct AngleBracketedParameterData {
    /// The lifetime parameters for this path segment.
    pub lifetimes: Vec<Lifetime>,
    /// The type parameters for this path segment, if present.
    pub types: OwnedSlice<P<Ty>>,
    /// Bindings (equality constraints) on associated types, if present.
    /// E.g., `Foo<A=Bar>`.
    pub bindings: OwnedSlice<P<TypeBinding>>,
}

impl AngleBracketedParameterData {
    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.lifetimes.is_empty() && self.types.is_empty() && self.bindings.is_empty()
    }
}

/// A path like `Foo(A,B) -> C`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct ParenthesizedParameterData {
    /// Overall span
    pub span: Span,

    /// `(A,B)`
    pub inputs: Vec<P<Ty>>,

    /// `C`
    pub output: Option<P<Ty>>,
}

pub type CrateNum = u32;

pub type NodeId = u32;

#[derive(Clone, Eq, Ord, PartialOrd, PartialEq, RustcEncodable,
           RustcDecodable, Hash, Copy)]
pub struct DefId {
    pub krate: CrateNum,
    pub node: NodeId,
}

fn default_def_id_debug(_: DefId, _: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result { Ok(()) }

thread_local!(pub static DEF_ID_DEBUG: Cell<fn(DefId, &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result> =
                Cell::new(default_def_id_debug));

impl fmt::Debug for DefId {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        try!(write!(f, "DefId {{ krate: {}, node: {} }}",
                    self.krate, self.node));
        DEF_ID_DEBUG.with(|def_id_debug| def_id_debug.get()(*self, f))
    }
}

impl DefId {
    /// Read the node id, asserting that this def-id is krate-local.
    pub fn local_id(&self) -> NodeId {
        assert_eq!(self.krate, LOCAL_CRATE);
        self.node
    }
}

/// Item definitions in the currently-compiled crate would have the CrateNum
/// LOCAL_CRATE in their DefId.
pub const LOCAL_CRATE: CrateNum = 0;
pub const CRATE_NODE_ID: NodeId = 0;

/// When parsing and doing expansions, we initially give all AST nodes this AST
/// node value. Then later, in the renumber pass, we renumber them to have
/// small, positive ids.
pub const DUMMY_NODE_ID: NodeId = !0;

/// The AST represents all type param bounds as types.
/// typeck::collect::compute_bounds matches these against
/// the "special" built-in traits (see middle::lang_items) and
/// detects Copy, Send and Sync.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum TyParamBound {
    TraitTyParamBound(PolyTraitRef, TraitBoundModifier),
    RegionTyParamBound(Lifetime)
}

/// A modifier on a bound, currently this is only used for `?Sized`, where the
/// modifier is `Maybe`. Negative bounds should also be handled here.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum TraitBoundModifier {
    None,
    Maybe,
}

pub type TyParamBounds = OwnedSlice<TyParamBound>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TyParam {
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub bounds: TyParamBounds,
    pub default: Option<P<Ty>>,
    pub span: Span
}

/// Represents lifetimes and type parameters attached to a declaration
/// of a function, enum, trait, etc.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Generics {
    pub lifetimes: Vec<LifetimeDef>,
    pub ty_params: OwnedSlice<TyParam>,
    pub where_clause: WhereClause,
}

impl Generics {
    pub fn is_lt_parameterized(&self) -> bool {
        !self.lifetimes.is_empty()
    }
    pub fn is_type_parameterized(&self) -> bool {
        !self.ty_params.is_empty()
    }
    pub fn is_parameterized(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_lt_parameterized() || self.is_type_parameterized()
    }
}

/// A `where` clause in a definition
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct WhereClause {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub predicates: Vec<WherePredicate>,
}

/// A single predicate in a `where` clause
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum WherePredicate {
    /// A type binding, eg `for<'c> Foo: Send+Clone+'c`
    BoundPredicate(WhereBoundPredicate),
    /// A lifetime predicate, e.g. `'a: 'b+'c`
    RegionPredicate(WhereRegionPredicate),
    /// An equality predicate (unsupported)
    EqPredicate(WhereEqPredicate)
}

/// A type bound, eg `for<'c> Foo: Send+Clone+'c`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct WhereBoundPredicate {
    pub span: Span,
    /// Any lifetimes from a `for` binding
    pub bound_lifetimes: Vec<LifetimeDef>,
    /// The type being bounded
    pub bounded_ty: P<Ty>,
    /// Trait and lifetime bounds (`Clone+Send+'static`)
    pub bounds: OwnedSlice<TyParamBound>,
}

/// A lifetime predicate, e.g. `'a: 'b+'c`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct WhereRegionPredicate {
    pub span: Span,
    pub lifetime: Lifetime,
    pub bounds: Vec<Lifetime>,
}

/// An equality predicate (unsupported), e.g. `T=int`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct WhereEqPredicate {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub span: Span,
    pub path: Path,
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
}

/// The set of MetaItems that define the compilation environment of the crate,
/// used to drive conditional compilation
pub type CrateConfig = Vec<P<MetaItem>> ;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Crate {
    pub module: Mod,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub config: CrateConfig,
    pub span: Span,
    pub exported_macros: Vec<MacroDef>,
}

pub type MetaItem = Spanned<MetaItem_>;

#[derive(Clone, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum MetaItem_ {
    MetaWord(InternedString),
    MetaList(InternedString, Vec<P<MetaItem>>),
    MetaNameValue(InternedString, Lit),
}

// can't be derived because the MetaList requires an unordered comparison
impl PartialEq for MetaItem_ {
    fn eq(&self, other: &MetaItem_) -> bool {
        match *self {
            MetaWord(ref ns) => match *other {
                MetaWord(ref no) => (*ns) == (*no),
                _ => false
            },
            MetaNameValue(ref ns, ref vs) => match *other {
                MetaNameValue(ref no, ref vo) => {
                    (*ns) == (*no) && vs.node == vo.node
                }
                _ => false
            },
            MetaList(ref ns, ref miss) => match *other {
                MetaList(ref no, ref miso) => {
                    ns == no &&
                        miss.iter().all(|mi| miso.iter().any(|x| x.node == mi.node))
                }
                _ => false
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Block {
    /// Statements in a block
    pub stmts: Vec<P<Stmt>>,
    /// An expression at the end of the block
    /// without a semicolon, if any
    pub expr: Option<P<Expr>>,
    pub id: NodeId,
    /// Distinguishes between `unsafe { ... }` and `{ ... }`
    pub rules: BlockCheckMode,
    pub span: Span,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash)]
pub struct Pat {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub node: Pat_,
    pub span: Span,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Pat {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "pat({}: {})", self.id, pprust::pat_to_string(self))
    }
}

/// A single field in a struct pattern
///
/// Patterns like the fields of Foo `{ x, ref y, ref mut z }`
/// are treated the same as` x: x, y: ref y, z: ref mut z`,
/// except is_shorthand is true
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct FieldPat {
    /// The identifier for the field
    pub ident: Ident,
    /// The pattern the field is destructured to
    pub pat: P<Pat>,
    pub is_shorthand: bool,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum BindingMode {
    BindByRef(Mutability),
    BindByValue(Mutability),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum PatWildKind {
    /// Represents the wildcard pattern `_`
    PatWildSingle,

    /// Represents the wildcard pattern `..`
    PatWildMulti,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Pat_ {
    /// Represents a wildcard pattern (either `_` or `..`)
    PatWild(PatWildKind),

    /// A PatIdent may either be a new bound variable,
    /// or a nullary enum (in which case the third field
    /// is None).
    ///
    /// In the nullary enum case, the parser can't determine
    /// which it is. The resolver determines this, and
    /// records this pattern's NodeId in an auxiliary
    /// set (of "PatIdents that refer to nullary enums")
    PatIdent(BindingMode, SpannedIdent, Option<P<Pat>>),

    /// "None" means a * pattern where we don't bind the fields to names.
    PatEnum(Path, Option<Vec<P<Pat>>>),

    /// An associated const named using the qualified path `<T>::CONST` or
    /// `<T as Trait>::CONST`. Associated consts from inherent impls can be
    /// referred to as simply `T::CONST`, in which case they will end up as
    /// PatEnum, and the resolver will have to sort that out.
    PatQPath(QSelf, Path),

    /// Destructuring of a struct, e.g. `Foo {x, y, ..}`
    /// The `bool` is `true` in the presence of a `..`
    PatStruct(Path, Vec<Spanned<FieldPat>>, bool),
    /// A tuple pattern `(a, b)`
    PatTup(Vec<P<Pat>>),
    /// A `box` pattern
    PatBox(P<Pat>),
    /// A reference pattern, e.g. `&mut (a, b)`
    PatRegion(P<Pat>, Mutability),
    /// A literal
    PatLit(P<Expr>),
    /// A range pattern, e.g. `1...2`
    PatRange(P<Expr>, P<Expr>),
    /// [a, b, ..i, y, z] is represented as:
    ///     PatVec(box [a, b], Some(i), box [y, z])
    PatVec(Vec<P<Pat>>, Option<P<Pat>>, Vec<P<Pat>>),
    /// A macro pattern; pre-expansion
    PatMac(Mac),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum Mutability {
    MutMutable,
    MutImmutable,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum BinOp_ {
    /// The `+` operator (addition)
    BiAdd,
    /// The `-` operator (subtraction)
    BiSub,
    /// The `*` operator (multiplication)
    BiMul,
    /// The `/` operator (division)
    BiDiv,
    /// The `%` operator (modulus)
    BiRem,
    /// The `&&` operator (logical and)
    BiAnd,
    /// The `||` operator (logical or)
    BiOr,
    /// The `^` operator (bitwise xor)
    BiBitXor,
    /// The `&` operator (bitwise and)
    BiBitAnd,
    /// The `|` operator (bitwise or)
    BiBitOr,
    /// The `<<` operator (shift left)
    BiShl,
    /// The `>>` operator (shift right)
    BiShr,
    /// The `==` operator (equality)
    BiEq,
    /// The `<` operator (less than)
    BiLt,
    /// The `<=` operator (less than or equal to)
    BiLe,
    /// The `!=` operator (not equal to)
    BiNe,
    /// The `>=` operator (greater than or equal to)
    BiGe,
    /// The `>` operator (greater than)
    BiGt,
}

pub type BinOp = Spanned<BinOp_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum UnOp {
    /// The `box` operator
    UnUniq,
    /// The `*` operator for dereferencing
    UnDeref,
    /// The `!` operator for logical inversion
    UnNot,
    /// The `-` operator for negation
    UnNeg
}

/// A statement
pub type Stmt = Spanned<Stmt_>;

impl fmt::Debug for Stmt {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "stmt({}: {})",
               ast_util::stmt_id(self),
               pprust::stmt_to_string(self))
    }
}


#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash)]
pub enum Stmt_ {
    /// Could be an item or a local (let) binding:
    StmtDecl(P<Decl>, NodeId),

    /// Expr without trailing semi-colon (must have unit type):
    StmtExpr(P<Expr>, NodeId),

    /// Expr with trailing semi-colon (may have any type):
    StmtSemi(P<Expr>, NodeId),

    StmtMac(P<Mac>, MacStmtStyle),
}
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum MacStmtStyle {
    /// The macro statement had a trailing semicolon, e.g. `foo! { ... };`
    /// `foo!(...);`, `foo![...];`
    MacStmtWithSemicolon,
    /// The macro statement had braces; e.g. foo! { ... }
    MacStmtWithBraces,
    /// The macro statement had parentheses or brackets and no semicolon; e.g.
    /// `foo!(...)`. All of these will end up being converted into macro
    /// expressions.
    MacStmtWithoutBraces,
}

// FIXME (pending discussion of #1697, #2178...): local should really be
// a refinement on pat.
/// Local represents a `let` statement, e.g., `let <pat>:<ty> = <expr>;`
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Local {
    pub pat: P<Pat>,
    pub ty: Option<P<Ty>>,
    /// Initializer expression to set the value, if any
    pub init: Option<P<Expr>>,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub span: Span,
}

pub type Decl = Spanned<Decl_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Decl_ {
    /// A local (let) binding:
    DeclLocal(P<Local>),
    /// An item binding:
    DeclItem(P<Item>),
}

/// represents one arm of a 'match'
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Arm {
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub pats: Vec<P<Pat>>,
    pub guard: Option<P<Expr>>,
    pub body: P<Expr>,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Field {
    pub ident: SpannedIdent,
    pub expr: P<Expr>,
    pub span: Span,
}

pub type SpannedIdent = Spanned<Ident>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum BlockCheckMode {
    DefaultBlock,
    UnsafeBlock(UnsafeSource),
    PushUnsafeBlock(UnsafeSource),
    PopUnsafeBlock(UnsafeSource),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum UnsafeSource {
    CompilerGenerated,
    UserProvided,
}

/// An expression
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash,)]
pub struct Expr {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub node: Expr_,
    pub span: Span,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Expr {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "expr({}: {})", self.id, pprust::expr_to_string(self))
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Expr_ {
    /// First expr is the place; second expr is the value.
    ExprBox(Option<P<Expr>>, P<Expr>),
    /// An array (`[a, b, c, d]`)
    ExprVec(Vec<P<Expr>>),
    /// A function call
    ///
    /// The first field resolves to the function itself,
    /// and the second field is the list of arguments
    ExprCall(P<Expr>, Vec<P<Expr>>),
    /// A method call (`x.foo::<Bar, Baz>(a, b, c, d)`)
    ///
    /// The `SpannedIdent` is the identifier for the method name.
    /// The vector of `Ty`s are the ascripted type parameters for the method
    /// (within the angle brackets).
    ///
    /// The first element of the vector of `Expr`s is the expression that evaluates
    /// to the object on which the method is being called on (the receiver),
    /// and the remaining elements are the rest of the arguments.
    ///
    /// Thus, `x.foo::<Bar, Baz>(a, b, c, d)` is represented as
    /// `ExprMethodCall(foo, [Bar, Baz], [x, a, b, c, d])`.
    ExprMethodCall(SpannedIdent, Vec<P<Ty>>, Vec<P<Expr>>),
    /// A tuple (`(a, b, c ,d)`)
    ExprTup(Vec<P<Expr>>),
    /// A binary operation (For example: `a + b`, `a * b`)
    ExprBinary(BinOp, P<Expr>, P<Expr>),
    /// A unary operation (For example: `!x`, `*x`)
    ExprUnary(UnOp, P<Expr>),
    /// A literal (For example: `1u8`, `"foo"`)
    ExprLit(P<Lit>),
    /// A cast (`foo as f64`)
    ExprCast(P<Expr>, P<Ty>),
    /// An `if` block, with an optional else block
    ///
    /// `if expr { block } else { expr }`
    ExprIf(P<Expr>, P<Block>, Option<P<Expr>>),
    /// An `if let` expression with an optional else block
    ///
    /// `if let pat = expr { block } else { expr }`
    ///
    /// This is desugared to a `match` expression.
    ExprIfLet(P<Pat>, P<Expr>, P<Block>, Option<P<Expr>>),
    // FIXME #6993: change to Option<Name> ... or not, if these are hygienic.
    /// A while loop, with an optional label
    ///
    /// `'label: while expr { block }`
    ExprWhile(P<Expr>, P<Block>, Option<Ident>),
    // FIXME #6993: change to Option<Name> ... or not, if these are hygienic.
    /// A while-let loop, with an optional label
    ///
    /// `'label: while let pat = expr { block }`
    ///
    /// This is desugared to a combination of `loop` and `match` expressions.
    ExprWhileLet(P<Pat>, P<Expr>, P<Block>, Option<Ident>),
    // FIXME #6993: change to Option<Name> ... or not, if these are hygienic.
    /// A for loop, with an optional label
    ///
    /// `'label: for pat in expr { block }`
    ///
    /// This is desugared to a combination of `loop` and `match` expressions.
    ExprForLoop(P<Pat>, P<Expr>, P<Block>, Option<Ident>),
    /// Conditionless loop (can be exited with break, continue, or return)
    ///
    /// `'label: loop { block }`
    // FIXME #6993: change to Option<Name> ... or not, if these are hygienic.
    ExprLoop(P<Block>, Option<Ident>),
    /// A `match` block, with a source that indicates whether or not it is
    /// the result of a desugaring, and if so, which kind.
    ExprMatch(P<Expr>, Vec<Arm>, MatchSource),
    /// A closure (for example, `move |a, b, c| {a + b + c}`)
    ExprClosure(CaptureClause, P<FnDecl>, P<Block>),
    /// A block (`{ ... }`)
    ExprBlock(P<Block>),

    /// An assignment (`a = foo()`)
    ExprAssign(P<Expr>, P<Expr>),
    /// An assignment with an operator
    ///
    /// For example, `a += 1`.
    ExprAssignOp(BinOp, P<Expr>, P<Expr>),
    /// Access of a named struct field (`obj.foo`)
    ExprField(P<Expr>, SpannedIdent),
    /// Access of an unnamed field of a struct or tuple-struct
    ///
    /// For example, `foo.0`.
    ExprTupField(P<Expr>, Spanned<usize>),
    /// An indexing operation (`foo[2]`)
    ExprIndex(P<Expr>, P<Expr>),
    /// A range (`1..2`, `1..`, or `..2`)
    ExprRange(Option<P<Expr>>, Option<P<Expr>>),

    /// Variable reference, possibly containing `::` and/or type
    /// parameters, e.g. foo::bar::<baz>.
    ///
    /// Optionally "qualified",
    /// e.g. `<Vec<T> as SomeTrait>::SomeType`.
    ExprPath(Option<QSelf>, Path),

    /// A referencing operation (`&a` or `&mut a`)
    ExprAddrOf(Mutability, P<Expr>),
    /// A `break`, with an optional label to break
    ExprBreak(Option<Ident>),
    /// A `continue`, with an optional label
    ExprAgain(Option<Ident>),
    /// A `return`, with an optional value to be returned
    ExprRet(Option<P<Expr>>),

    /// Output of the `asm!()` macro
    ExprInlineAsm(InlineAsm),

    /// A macro invocation; pre-expansion
    ExprMac(Mac),

    /// A struct literal expression.
    ///
    /// For example, `Foo {x: 1, y: 2}`, or
    /// `Foo {x: 1, .. base}`, where `base` is the `Option<Expr>`.
    ExprStruct(Path, Vec<Field>, Option<P<Expr>>),

    /// A vector literal constructed from one repeated element.
    ///
    /// For example, `[1u8; 5]`. The first expression is the element
    /// to be repeated; the second is the number of times to repeat it.
    ExprRepeat(P<Expr>, P<Expr>),

    /// No-op: used solely so we can pretty-print faithfully
    ExprParen(P<Expr>)
}

/// The explicit Self type in a "qualified path". The actual
/// path, including the trait and the associated item, is stored
/// separately. `position` represents the index of the associated
/// item qualified with this Self type.
///
///     <Vec<T> as a::b::Trait>::AssociatedItem
///      ^~~~~     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
///      ty        position = 3
///
///     <Vec<T>>::AssociatedItem
///      ^~~~~    ^
///      ty       position = 0
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct QSelf {
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub position: usize
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum MatchSource {
    Normal,
    IfLetDesugar { contains_else_clause: bool },
    WhileLetDesugar,
    ForLoopDesugar,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum CaptureClause {
    CaptureByValue,
    CaptureByRef,
}

/// A delimited sequence of token trees
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Delimited {
    /// The type of delimiter
    pub delim: token::DelimToken,
    /// The span covering the opening delimiter
    pub open_span: Span,
    /// The delimited sequence of token trees
    pub tts: Vec<TokenTree>,
    /// The span covering the closing delimiter
    pub close_span: Span,
}

impl Delimited {
    /// Returns the opening delimiter as a token.
    pub fn open_token(&self) -> token::Token {
        token::OpenDelim(self.delim)
    }

    /// Returns the closing delimiter as a token.
    pub fn close_token(&self) -> token::Token {
        token::CloseDelim(self.delim)
    }

    /// Returns the opening delimiter as a token tree.
    pub fn open_tt(&self) -> TokenTree {
        TtToken(self.open_span, self.open_token())
    }

    /// Returns the closing delimiter as a token tree.
    pub fn close_tt(&self) -> TokenTree {
        TtToken(self.close_span, self.close_token())
    }
}

/// A sequence of token treesee
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct SequenceRepetition {
    /// The sequence of token trees
    pub tts: Vec<TokenTree>,
    /// The optional separator
    pub separator: Option<token::Token>,
    /// Whether the sequence can be repeated zero (*), or one or more times (+)
    pub op: KleeneOp,
    /// The number of `MatchNt`s that appear in the sequence (and subsequences)
    pub num_captures: usize,
}

/// A Kleene-style [repetition operator](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene_star)
/// for token sequences.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum KleeneOp {
    ZeroOrMore,
    OneOrMore,
}

/// When the main rust parser encounters a syntax-extension invocation, it
/// parses the arguments to the invocation as a token-tree. This is a very
/// loose structure, such that all sorts of different AST-fragments can
/// be passed to syntax extensions using a uniform type.
///
/// If the syntax extension is an MBE macro, it will attempt to match its
/// LHS token tree against the provided token tree, and if it finds a
/// match, will transcribe the RHS token tree, splicing in any captured
/// macro_parser::matched_nonterminals into the `SubstNt`s it finds.
///
/// The RHS of an MBE macro is the only place `SubstNt`s are substituted.
/// Nothing special happens to misnamed or misplaced `SubstNt`s.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum TokenTree {
    /// A single token
    TtToken(Span, token::Token),
    /// A delimited sequence of token trees
    TtDelimited(Span, Rc<Delimited>),

    // This only makes sense in MBE macros.

    /// A kleene-style repetition sequence with a span
    // FIXME(eddyb) #12938 Use DST.
    TtSequence(Span, Rc<SequenceRepetition>),
}

impl TokenTree {
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            TtToken(_, token::DocComment(name)) => {
                match doc_comment_style(&name.as_str()) {
                    AttrOuter => 2,
                    AttrInner => 3
                }
            }
            TtToken(_, token::SpecialVarNt(..)) => 2,
            TtToken(_, token::MatchNt(..)) => 3,
            TtDelimited(_, ref delimed) => {
                delimed.tts.len() + 2
            }
            TtSequence(_, ref seq) => {
                seq.tts.len()
            }
            TtToken(..) => 0
        }
    }

    pub fn get_tt(&self, index: usize) -> TokenTree {
        match (self, index) {
            (&TtToken(sp, token::DocComment(_)), 0) => {
                TtToken(sp, token::Pound)
            }
            (&TtToken(sp, token::DocComment(name)), 1)
            if doc_comment_style(&name.as_str()) == AttrInner => {
                TtToken(sp, token::Not)
            }
            (&TtToken(sp, token::DocComment(name)), _) => {
                let stripped = strip_doc_comment_decoration(&name.as_str());
                TtDelimited(sp, Rc::new(Delimited {
                    delim: token::Bracket,
                    open_span: sp,
                    tts: vec![TtToken(sp, token::Ident(token::str_to_ident("doc"),
                                                       token::Plain)),
                              TtToken(sp, token::Eq),
                              TtToken(sp, token::Literal(
                                  token::StrRaw(token::intern(&stripped), 0), None))],
                    close_span: sp,
                }))
            }
            (&TtDelimited(_, ref delimed), _) => {
                if index == 0 {
                    return delimed.open_tt();
                }
                if index == delimed.tts.len() + 1 {
                    return delimed.close_tt();
                }
                delimed.tts[index - 1].clone()
            }
            (&TtToken(sp, token::SpecialVarNt(var)), _) => {
                let v = [TtToken(sp, token::Dollar),
                         TtToken(sp, token::Ident(token::str_to_ident(var.as_str()),
                                                  token::Plain))];
                v[index].clone()
            }
            (&TtToken(sp, token::MatchNt(name, kind, name_st, kind_st)), _) => {
                let v = [TtToken(sp, token::SubstNt(name, name_st)),
                         TtToken(sp, token::Colon),
                         TtToken(sp, token::Ident(kind, kind_st))];
                v[index].clone()
            }
            (&TtSequence(_, ref seq), _) => {
                seq.tts[index].clone()
            }
            _ => panic!("Cannot expand a token tree")
        }
    }

    /// Returns the `Span` corresponding to this token tree.
    pub fn get_span(&self) -> Span {
        match *self {
            TtToken(span, _)     => span,
            TtDelimited(span, _) => span,
            TtSequence(span, _)  => span,
        }
    }

    /// Use this token tree as a matcher to parse given tts.
    pub fn parse(cx: &base::ExtCtxt, mtch: &[TokenTree], tts: &[TokenTree])
                 -> macro_parser::NamedParseResult {
        // `None` is because we're not interpolating
        let arg_rdr = lexer::new_tt_reader_with_doc_flag(&cx.parse_sess().span_diagnostic,
                                                         None,
                                                         None,
                                                         tts.iter().cloned().collect(),
                                                         true);
        macro_parser::parse(cx.parse_sess(), cx.cfg(), arg_rdr, mtch)
    }
}

pub type Mac = Spanned<Mac_>;

/// Represents a macro invocation. The Path indicates which macro
/// is being invoked, and the vector of token-trees contains the source
/// of the macro invocation.
///
/// There's only one flavor, now, so this could presumably be simplified.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Mac_ {
    // NB: the additional ident for a macro_rules-style macro is actually
    // stored in the enclosing item. Oog.
    MacInvocTT(Path, Vec<TokenTree>, SyntaxContext),   // new macro-invocation
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum StrStyle {
    /// A regular string, like `"foo"`
    CookedStr,
    /// A raw string, like `r##"foo"##`
    ///
    /// The uint is the number of `#` symbols used
    RawStr(usize)
}

/// A literal
pub type Lit = Spanned<Lit_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum Sign {
    Minus,
    Plus
}

impl Sign {
    pub fn new<T: IntSign>(n: T) -> Sign {
        n.sign()
    }
}

pub trait IntSign {
    fn sign(&self) -> Sign;
}
macro_rules! doit {
    ($($t:ident)*) => ($(impl IntSign for $t {
        #[allow(unused_comparisons)]
        fn sign(&self) -> Sign {
            if *self < 0 {Minus} else {Plus}
        }
    })*)
}
doit! { i8 i16 i32 i64 isize u8 u16 u32 u64 usize }

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum LitIntType {
    SignedIntLit(IntTy, Sign),
    UnsignedIntLit(UintTy),
    UnsuffixedIntLit(Sign)
}

impl LitIntType {
    pub fn suffix_len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            UnsuffixedIntLit(_) => 0,
            SignedIntLit(s, _) => s.suffix_len(),
            UnsignedIntLit(u) => u.suffix_len()
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Lit_ {
    /// A string literal (`"foo"`)
    LitStr(InternedString, StrStyle),
    /// A byte string (`b"foo"`)
    LitBinary(Rc<Vec<u8>>),
    /// A byte char (`b'f'`)
    LitByte(u8),
    /// A character literal (`'a'`)
    LitChar(char),
    /// An integer literal (`1u8`)
    LitInt(u64, LitIntType),
    /// A float literal (`1f64` or `1E10f64`)
    LitFloat(InternedString, FloatTy),
    /// A float literal without a suffix (`1.0 or 1.0E10`)
    LitFloatUnsuffixed(InternedString),
    /// A boolean literal
    LitBool(bool),
}

// NB: If you change this, you'll probably want to change the corresponding
// type structure in middle/ty.rs as well.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct MutTy {
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub mutbl: Mutability,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TypeField {
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub mt: MutTy,
    pub span: Span,
}

/// Represents a method's signature in a trait declaration,
/// or in an implementation.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct MethodSig {
    pub unsafety: Unsafety,
    pub constness: Constness,
    pub abi: Abi,
    pub decl: P<FnDecl>,
    pub generics: Generics,
    pub explicit_self: ExplicitSelf,
}

/// Represents a method declaration in a trait declaration, possibly including
/// a default implementation A trait method is either required (meaning it
/// doesn't have an implementation, just a signature) or provided (meaning it
/// has a default implementation).
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TraitItem {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub node: TraitItem_,
    pub span: Span,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum TraitItem_ {
    ConstTraitItem(P<Ty>, Option<P<Expr>>),
    MethodTraitItem(MethodSig, Option<P<Block>>),
    TypeTraitItem(TyParamBounds, Option<P<Ty>>),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct ImplItem {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub vis: Visibility,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub node: ImplItem_,
    pub span: Span,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum ImplItem_ {
    ConstImplItem(P<Ty>, P<Expr>),
    MethodImplItem(MethodSig, P<Block>),
    TypeImplItem(P<Ty>),
    MacImplItem(Mac),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Copy)]
pub enum IntTy {
    TyIs,
    TyI8,
    TyI16,
    TyI32,
    TyI64,
}

impl fmt::Debug for IntTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for IntTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", ast_util::int_ty_to_string(*self, None))
    }
}

impl IntTy {
    pub fn suffix_len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            TyIs | TyI8 => 2,
            TyI16 | TyI32 | TyI64  => 3,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Copy)]
pub enum UintTy {
    TyUs,
    TyU8,
    TyU16,
    TyU32,
    TyU64,
}

impl UintTy {
    pub fn suffix_len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            TyUs | TyU8 => 2,
            TyU16 | TyU32 | TyU64  => 3,
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for UintTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for UintTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", ast_util::uint_ty_to_string(*self, None))
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Copy)]
pub enum FloatTy {
    TyF32,
    TyF64,
}

impl fmt::Debug for FloatTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for FloatTy {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "{}", ast_util::float_ty_to_string(*self))
    }
}

impl FloatTy {
    pub fn suffix_len(&self) -> usize {
        match *self {
            TyF32 | TyF64 => 3, // add F128 handling here
        }
    }
}

// Bind a type to an associated type: `A=Foo`.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TypeBinding {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub span: Span,
}


// NB PartialEq method appears below.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash)]
pub struct Ty {
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub node: Ty_,
    pub span: Span,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Ty {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "type({})", pprust::ty_to_string(self))
    }
}

/// Not represented directly in the AST, referred to by name through a ty_path.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum PrimTy {
    TyInt(IntTy),
    TyUint(UintTy),
    TyFloat(FloatTy),
    TyStr,
    TyBool,
    TyChar
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct BareFnTy {
    pub unsafety: Unsafety,
    pub abi: Abi,
    pub lifetimes: Vec<LifetimeDef>,
    pub decl: P<FnDecl>
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
/// The different kinds of types recognized by the compiler
pub enum Ty_ {
    TyVec(P<Ty>),
    /// A fixed length array (`[T; n]`)
    TyFixedLengthVec(P<Ty>, P<Expr>),
    /// A raw pointer (`*const T` or `*mut T`)
    TyPtr(MutTy),
    /// A reference (`&'a T` or `&'a mut T`)
    TyRptr(Option<Lifetime>, MutTy),
    /// A bare function (e.g. `fn(usize) -> bool`)
    TyBareFn(P<BareFnTy>),
    /// A tuple (`(A, B, C, D,...)`)
    TyTup(Vec<P<Ty>> ),
    /// A path (`module::module::...::Type`), optionally
    /// "qualified", e.g. `<Vec<T> as SomeTrait>::SomeType`.
    ///
    /// Type parameters are stored in the Path itself
    TyPath(Option<QSelf>, Path),
    /// Something like `A+B`. Note that `B` must always be a path.
    TyObjectSum(P<Ty>, TyParamBounds),
    /// A type like `for<'a> Foo<&'a Bar>`
    TyPolyTraitRef(TyParamBounds),
    /// No-op; kept solely so that we can pretty-print faithfully
    TyParen(P<Ty>),
    /// Unused for now
    TyTypeof(P<Expr>),
    /// TyInfer means the type should be inferred instead of it having been
    /// specified. This can appear anywhere in a type.
    TyInfer,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum AsmDialect {
    AsmAtt,
    AsmIntel
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct InlineAsm {
    pub asm: InternedString,
    pub asm_str_style: StrStyle,
    pub outputs: Vec<(InternedString, P<Expr>, bool)>,
    pub inputs: Vec<(InternedString, P<Expr>)>,
    pub clobbers: Vec<InternedString>,
    pub volatile: bool,
    pub alignstack: bool,
    pub dialect: AsmDialect,
    pub expn_id: ExpnId,
}

/// represents an argument in a function header
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Arg {
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub pat: P<Pat>,
    pub id: NodeId,
}

impl Arg {
    pub fn new_self(span: Span, mutability: Mutability, self_ident: Ident) -> Arg {
        let path = Spanned{span:span,node:self_ident};
        Arg {
            // HACK(eddyb) fake type for the self argument.
            ty: P(Ty {
                id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: TyInfer,
                span: DUMMY_SP,
            }),
            pat: P(Pat {
                id: DUMMY_NODE_ID,
                node: PatIdent(BindByValue(mutability), path, None),
                span: span
            }),
            id: DUMMY_NODE_ID
        }
    }
}

/// Represents the header (not the body) of a function declaration
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct FnDecl {
    pub inputs: Vec<Arg>,
    pub output: FunctionRetTy,
    pub variadic: bool
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Unsafety {
    Unsafe,
    Normal,
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Constness {
    Const,
    NotConst,
}

impl fmt::Display for Unsafety {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        fmt::Display::fmt(match *self {
            Unsafety::Normal => "normal",
            Unsafety::Unsafe => "unsafe",
        }, f)
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash)]
pub enum ImplPolarity {
    /// `impl Trait for Type`
    Positive,
    /// `impl !Trait for Type`
    Negative,
}

impl fmt::Debug for ImplPolarity {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match *self {
            ImplPolarity::Positive => "positive".fmt(f),
            ImplPolarity::Negative => "negative".fmt(f),
        }
    }
}


#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum FunctionRetTy {
    /// Functions with return type `!`that always
    /// raise an error or exit (i.e. never return to the caller)
    NoReturn(Span),
    /// Return type is not specified.
    ///
    /// Functions default to `()` and
    /// closures default to inference. Span points to where return
    /// type would be inserted.
    DefaultReturn(Span),
    /// Everything else
    Return(P<Ty>),
}

impl FunctionRetTy {
    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match *self {
            NoReturn(span) => span,
            DefaultReturn(span) => span,
            Return(ref ty) => ty.span
        }
    }
}

/// Represents the kind of 'self' associated with a method
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum ExplicitSelf_ {
    /// No self
    SelfStatic,
    /// `self`
    SelfValue(Ident),
    /// `&'lt self`, `&'lt mut self`
    SelfRegion(Option<Lifetime>, Mutability, Ident),
    /// `self: TYPE`
    SelfExplicit(P<Ty>, Ident),
}

pub type ExplicitSelf = Spanned<ExplicitSelf_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Mod {
    /// A span from the first token past `{` to the last token until `}`.
    /// For `mod foo;`, the inner span ranges from the first token
    /// to the last token in the external file.
    pub inner: Span,
    pub items: Vec<P<Item>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct ForeignMod {
    pub abi: Abi,
    pub items: Vec<P<ForeignItem>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct VariantArg {
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub id: NodeId,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum VariantKind {
    /// Tuple variant, e.g. `Foo(A, B)`
    TupleVariantKind(Vec<VariantArg>),
    /// Struct variant, e.g. `Foo {x: A, y: B}`
    StructVariantKind(P<StructDef>),
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct EnumDef {
    pub variants: Vec<P<Variant>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Variant_ {
    pub name: Ident,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub kind: VariantKind,
    pub id: NodeId,
    /// Explicit discriminant, eg `Foo = 1`
    pub disr_expr: Option<P<Expr>>,
    pub vis: Visibility,
}

pub type Variant = Spanned<Variant_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum PathListItem_ {
    PathListIdent { name: Ident, id: NodeId },
    PathListMod { id: NodeId }
}

impl PathListItem_ {
    pub fn id(&self) -> NodeId {
        match *self {
            PathListIdent { id, .. } | PathListMod { id } => id
        }
    }
}

pub type PathListItem = Spanned<PathListItem_>;

pub type ViewPath = Spanned<ViewPath_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum ViewPath_ {

    /// `foo::bar::baz as quux`
    ///
    /// or just
    ///
    /// `foo::bar::baz` (with `as baz` implicitly on the right)
    ViewPathSimple(Ident, Path),

    /// `foo::bar::*`
    ViewPathGlob(Path),

    /// `foo::bar::{a,b,c}`
    ViewPathList(Path, Vec<PathListItem>)
}

/// Meta-data associated with an item
pub type Attribute = Spanned<Attribute_>;

/// Distinguishes between Attributes that decorate items and Attributes that
/// are contained as statements within items. These two cases need to be
/// distinguished for pretty-printing.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum AttrStyle {
    AttrOuter,
    AttrInner,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub struct AttrId(pub usize);

/// Doc-comments are promoted to attributes that have is_sugared_doc = true
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Attribute_ {
    pub id: AttrId,
    pub style: AttrStyle,
    pub value: P<MetaItem>,
    pub is_sugared_doc: bool,
}

/// TraitRef's appear in impls.
///
/// resolve maps each TraitRef's ref_id to its defining trait; that's all
/// that the ref_id is for. The impl_id maps to the "self type" of this impl.
/// If this impl is an ItemImpl, the impl_id is redundant (it could be the
/// same as the impl's node id).
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TraitRef {
    pub path: Path,
    pub ref_id: NodeId,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct PolyTraitRef {
    /// The `'a` in `<'a> Foo<&'a T>`
    pub bound_lifetimes: Vec<LifetimeDef>,

    /// The `Foo<&'a T>` in `<'a> Foo<&'a T>`
    pub trait_ref: TraitRef,

    pub span: Span,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum Visibility {
    Public,
    Inherited,
}

impl Visibility {
    pub fn inherit_from(&self, parent_visibility: Visibility) -> Visibility {
        match self {
            &Inherited => parent_visibility,
            &Public => *self
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct StructField_ {
    pub kind: StructFieldKind,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub ty: P<Ty>,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
}

impl StructField_ {
    pub fn ident(&self) -> Option<Ident> {
        match self.kind {
            NamedField(ref ident, _) => Some(ident.clone()),
            UnnamedField(_) => None
        }
    }
}

pub type StructField = Spanned<StructField_>;

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug, Copy)]
pub enum StructFieldKind {
    NamedField(Ident, Visibility),
    /// Element of a tuple-like struct
    UnnamedField(Visibility),
}

impl StructFieldKind {
    pub fn is_unnamed(&self) -> bool {
        match *self {
            UnnamedField(..) => true,
            NamedField(..) => false,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct StructDef {
    /// Fields, not including ctor
    pub fields: Vec<StructField>,
    /// ID of the constructor. This is only used for tuple- or enum-like
    /// structs.
    pub ctor_id: Option<NodeId>,
}

/*
  FIXME (#3300): Should allow items to be anonymous. Right now
  we just use dummy names for anon items.
 */
/// An item
///
/// The name might be a dummy name in case of anonymous items
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct Item {
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub node: Item_,
    pub vis: Visibility,
    pub span: Span,
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum Item_ {
    /// An`extern crate` item, with optional original crate name,
    ///
    /// e.g. `extern crate foo` or `extern crate foo_bar as foo`
    ItemExternCrate(Option<Name>),
    /// A `use` or `pub use` item
    ItemUse(P<ViewPath>),

    /// A `static` item
    ItemStatic(P<Ty>, Mutability, P<Expr>),
    /// A `const` item
    ItemConst(P<Ty>, P<Expr>),
    /// A function declaration
    ItemFn(P<FnDecl>, Unsafety, Constness, Abi, Generics, P<Block>),
    /// A module
    ItemMod(Mod),
    /// An external module
    ItemForeignMod(ForeignMod),
    /// A type alias, e.g. `type Foo = Bar<u8>`
    ItemTy(P<Ty>, Generics),
    /// An enum definition, e.g. `enum Foo<A, B> {C<A>, D<B>}`
    ItemEnum(EnumDef, Generics),
    /// A struct definition, e.g. `struct Foo<A> {x: A}`
    ItemStruct(P<StructDef>, Generics),
    /// Represents a Trait Declaration
    ItemTrait(Unsafety,
              Generics,
              TyParamBounds,
              Vec<P<TraitItem>>),

    // Default trait implementations
    ///
    // `impl Trait for .. {}`
    ItemDefaultImpl(Unsafety, TraitRef),
    /// An implementation, eg `impl<A> Trait for Foo { .. }`
    ItemImpl(Unsafety,
             ImplPolarity,
             Generics,
             Option<TraitRef>, // (optional) trait this impl implements
             P<Ty>, // self
             Vec<P<ImplItem>>),
    /// A macro invocation (which includes macro definition)
    ItemMac(Mac),
}

impl Item_ {
    pub fn descriptive_variant(&self) -> &str {
        match *self {
            ItemExternCrate(..) => "extern crate",
            ItemUse(..) => "use",
            ItemStatic(..) => "static item",
            ItemConst(..) => "constant item",
            ItemFn(..) => "function",
            ItemMod(..) => "module",
            ItemForeignMod(..) => "foreign module",
            ItemTy(..) => "type alias",
            ItemEnum(..) => "enum",
            ItemStruct(..) => "struct",
            ItemTrait(..) => "trait",
            ItemMac(..) |
            ItemImpl(..) |
            ItemDefaultImpl(..) => "item"
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct ForeignItem {
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub node: ForeignItem_,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub span: Span,
    pub vis: Visibility,
}

/// An item within an `extern` block
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum ForeignItem_ {
    /// A foreign function
    ForeignItemFn(P<FnDecl>, Generics),
    /// A foreign static item (`static ext: u8`), with optional mutability
    /// (the boolean is true when mutable)
    ForeignItemStatic(P<Ty>, bool),
}

impl ForeignItem_ {
    pub fn descriptive_variant(&self) -> &str {
        match *self {
            ForeignItemFn(..) => "foreign function",
            ForeignItemStatic(..) => "foreign static item"
        }
    }
}

/// The data we save and restore about an inlined item or method.  This is not
/// part of the AST that we parse from a file, but it becomes part of the tree
/// that we trans.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum InlinedItem {
    IIItem(P<Item>),
    IITraitItem(DefId /* impl id */, P<TraitItem>),
    IIImplItem(DefId /* impl id */, P<ImplItem>),
    IIForeign(P<ForeignItem>),
}

/// A macro definition, in this crate or imported from another.
///
/// Not parsed directly, but created on macro import or `macro_rules!` expansion.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, RustcEncodable, RustcDecodable, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct MacroDef {
    pub ident: Ident,
    pub attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
    pub id: NodeId,
    pub span: Span,
    pub imported_from: Option<Ident>,
    pub export: bool,
    pub use_locally: bool,
    pub allow_internal_unstable: bool,
    pub body: Vec<TokenTree>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use serialize;
    use super::*;

    // are ASTs encodable?
    #[test]
    fn check_asts_encodable() {
        fn assert_encodable<T: serialize::Encodable>() {}
        assert_encodable::<Crate>();
    }
}